Microbiology Chapter 1 Test Answers – Flashcards
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| Microbes/Microorganisms |
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| living things too small to be seen with the living eye |
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| Pathogen |
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| disease causing organism |
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| Pathogenicity |
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| ability of microbe to cause disease by overwhelming defense of host |
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| Chemotherapy |
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| treatment of disease with chemical substances |
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| Antibiotics |
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| Antimicrobial agents usually produces naturally by fungus |
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| Who discovered the first anibiotic? What was it? |
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| Fleming discovered penicilin by accident |
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| Synthetic Drug |
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| Chemotherapeutic agent made in a lab |
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| Drug resistance |
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| Increasesd ability of microbe to tolerate antimicrobials without succumbing |
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| 3 Types/Reasons for drug resistance |
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| -Exchange of plasmids -Not taking entire prescription -Inappropriate prescription |
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| plasmids |
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| genetic material |
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| Why is not taking the entire prescription bad? |
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| leaves behind those most resistant |
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| Why are inappropriate prescriptions bad? |
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| doesn't affect virus, but can affect resistance of bacteria |
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| Binomial Nomenclature |
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| consists of two names: both italicized or underlined |
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| How is the Genus written? |
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| Capitalized, after mentioned can be labeled with initial |
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| How is the species/specific epithet written? |
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| Not capitalized |
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| Are viruses living? |
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| No |
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| What is a virus made of? |
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| protein coat and nucleic acid |
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| What types of nucleic acid are in a virus? |
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| DNA RNA (One or the other) |
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| What type of nucleic acid causes viruses to mutate more rapidly? |
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| RNA |
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| Obligatory Intracellular Parasites |
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| have to live inside of their host CELL. Force it to make baby viruses and the cell bursts. They than infaltrate (sp?) a new cell and the process continues |
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| Oncogenic Virus |
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| Cancer can form(tumor) i.e. HPV |
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| Can antibiotics cure a virus? |
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| no, they only can treat the symptoms |
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| Virology |
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| Study of Viruses |
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| Interferon |
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| -What our bodies make in response to viruses -Broad -Only works within species |
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| How many cells do prokaryotes have? |
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| 1 cell (Unicellular) |
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| What types of shapes do Bacteria have? |
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| Bacillus spiral Coccus |
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| Bacillus |
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| rod |
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| coccus |
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| round |
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| spiral |
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| curved/kinked rod |
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| If a bacteria is really small, what shape do you classify it in? |
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| not round: bacillus round:coccus |
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| Waht is important when labeling bacteria? |
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| shapes and arrangement |
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| Do bacteria have cell walls? |
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| yes |
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| What is a bacteria's cell wall made of? |
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| peptidoglycan(murein) |
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| What is another nae for peptidoglycan? |
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| murein |
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| How are spirals grouped? |
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| how many curves/kinks they have |
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| How do bacteria reproduce? |
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| binary fusion (split in half) |
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| Bacteriology |
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| Study of bacteria |
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| Are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes? |
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| prokaryotes |
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| Are archae prkaryotes or eukaryotes |
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| prokaryotes |
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| Where are archea found? |
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| in extreme enviroments |
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| Do archea have cell walls? |
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| No, or made of pseudomurein |
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| What are Archea's cellwalls made of? |
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| Pseudomurein, if they have any |
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| Methanogens are archae that... |
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| make methane |
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| halophiles are archea that... |
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| love salt |
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| Where are halophiles found? |
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| Dead sea, great salt lake NOT OCEAN |
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| Thermophiles are archea that |
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| love heat |
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| Where are thermophiles found? |
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| under sea volcanic vents yellowstone |
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| Are fungi living or nonliving? |
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| living |
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| Are fungi prokaryotes or eukaryotes? |
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| Eukaryotes |
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| What is yeast? |
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| Fungis/Eukaryote |
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| When are you most likely to get a yeast infection? |
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| after you've been on antibiotics |
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| What is ringworm? |
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| a fungus |
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| What is athlete's foot? |
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| a fungus |
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| Does one generally need to tape shut plates for bacteria? |
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| no |
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| Does one generally need to tape shut plates for fungi? |
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| yes:spores |
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| Are yeast multicellular or unicellular? |
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| unicellular |
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| What should you eat if you have a yeast infection? |
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| yogurt |
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| What is a yeast infection in the oral cavity called? |
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| thrush |
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| Are mushrooms plants? |
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| No |
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| How do plants get their nutrients? |
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| photosynthesis |
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| Hwo do mushrooms get their nutrients? |
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| absorbtion (decomposers) |
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| Are molds and mushrooms unicellular or multicellular? |
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| multicellular |
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| Mycella |
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| mass of hyphae |
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| What does Mycella look like? |
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| "fzzy" stuff on orange |
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| What is a fungus's cell wall made of? |
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| chitin |
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| How do Fungi get their nutrients? |
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| absorbtion |
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| How do Fungi reproduce? |
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| asexual or sexual |
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| How do yeast reproduce? |
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| asexual |
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| Mycology |
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| study of Fungi |
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| Where does "Mycology" come from? |
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| Mycella |
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| Aer protozoa prokaryotes or eukaryotes? |
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| eukaryotes |
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| Are protozoa unicellular or multicellular? |
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| unicellular |
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| How do protozoan move? (3ways) |
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| pseudopods flagella cilla |
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| Waht is a pseudopods? |
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| false foot |
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| what is an amoeba? |
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| protozoa |
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| How do amoebas move? |
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| psseudopods |
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| Flagella |
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| long, whip like tail |
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| How many flagella can a protozoa have? |
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| 1 to a few |
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| cilla |
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| short "hair" |
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| How many cilla can a protozoa have? |
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| lots and lots!! |
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| How do Protozoa reproduce? |
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| sexual or asexual |
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| What is a Euglena? |
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| protozoa |
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| What is unique about a euglena? |
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| can photosynthesiza |
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| What is a paramecium? |
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| Protozoa |
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| Are algae prokaryotes of eukaryotes? |
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| Eukaryotes |
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| What is Algae's cell wall made of? |
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| cellulose |
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| What are the 4 types of eukaryotes (we've discussed) |
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| Fungi Protozoan Algae Multicellular animal parasites |
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| What are the 2 types of prokaryotes? |
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| bacteria and archea |
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| Are multicellular animal parasites prokaryotes or eukaryotes? |
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| Eukaryotes (duh look at the name!!) |
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| Helminths |
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| parasitic worms with mouths |
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| Parasitology |
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| study of both (parasitic) protozoa and parasitic worms |
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| Host |
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| organism infected by pathogen |
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| Vector |
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| Anthropod/insect that carries organisms btween hosts *has to be an injection* |
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| reservoir |
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| Continual source of infection:Human, animal, or nonliving *do not get "sick" or side affects* |
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| Can a reservoir get sick from the thing it holds? |
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| no |
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| Is lyme's disease bacterial or viral? |
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| bacterial |
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| What damage can Lyme's disease do? (Where is the damage located?) |
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| joints and nervous system |
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| Lyme's disease: HostVectorReservoir? |
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| Host: Human Vector:deer tick Reservoir: Field mice (deer) |
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| What is a common indicator of Lyme's disease? |
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| Bull's eye rash, but goes away |
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| How did Lyme's disease get its name? |
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| First normal outbreak of symptoms in Lyme (city) |
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| What is Malaria caused by? |
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| a protozoa |
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| How would you diagnose a parasitic worm? |
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| look for eggs, not for the worm itself |
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| Malaria: HostVector? |
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| Host: human Vector:mosquito |
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| What can be a sort of imunity to malaria? |
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| Heterozygous or people who have sickle cell anemia |
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| Heterozygous |
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| Have both dominant and recessive trait |
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| How would you diagnose malaria |
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| blood sample |
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| When should you test for malaria? |
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| 1 hour before the patient's temperature spikes |
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| Is a person with malaria temperatures on a cycle? |
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| yes |
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| Why do malaria patients spike a fever? |
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| bursting red blood cells |
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| What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
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| Prokaryotes:simple, no true nucleous Eukaryotes:Complex, have nucleous |
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| Who coined "cell" |
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| Hooke |
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| When did Hooke coin what he did? |
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| looking at cork, looked like mini prison cells? |
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| What did Vanleewenhoek coin? |
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| Animalcules |
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| When did Vanleewenhoek coin what he did? |
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| looking at single celld protozoans in pond waters. |
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| Who had the 1st unicellular sighting? |
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| Vanleewenhoek |
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| Spontaneous generation |
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| life from nothing |
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| Who supported spontaneous generation? |
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| Needham |
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| Why did Needham believe what he did? |
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| After boiling, microbes found (air contamination) |
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| Who was against spontaneous generation? (3) |
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| Redi Spalianzani Pasteur |
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| How did Redi try to disprove spontaneous Generation? |
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| Decaying meat:open to air flies/eggs;sealled-without |
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| Waht was the crtiticism for Redi's results? |
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| Sealed: no air. No oxygen:no life |
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| How did Spailianzani try to disprove spontaneous generation? |
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| Boild decaying meat AFTER sealed |
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| What was the criticism for spalianzani? |
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| Sealed:no air No air: No oxygen |
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| Did Spilanzani try to fix his experiment? |
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| No |
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| Biogenesis |
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| living from living only |
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| What is Pasteur known for? |
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| credited with disproving spontaneous generation:microbes in air cause growth |
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| Did Redi try to fix his experiment? |
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| Yes with mesh...no one cared |
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| How did Pasteur tru to disprove spontaneous generation? |
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| strait vs. curled vases for boiling. |
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| What was the criticism of Pasteur's experiment? |
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| There was none |
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| Did Pasteur try to correct his experiment? |
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| No, there was no need to. |
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| What were Pasteur's three conclusions rom his experiment? |
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| -Microbes from microbes -heat destroys microbes -If you block microbe access it remains sterile |
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| Who founded the basis for aseptic techniques? |
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| Pasteur |
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| Aseptic techniques |
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| a:not Septic:filled with disease Techniques used to sterilize/keep sterilized |
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| What are some aseptic techniques we use in the microbiology lab? |
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| Negative air flow, autoclaving with sealed bags, etc. |
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| Pasteurization |
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| heat enough to spoilage bacteria |
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| Fermentation |
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| Microbes (yeast) convert sugar to alcohol |
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| What was Lister known for |
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| aseptic surgery |
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| How did Lister discover what he did? |
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| friend who was an obstrition (1800's version anyways) and if one baby had the fever it passed down the line because of the lack of aseptic techniques |
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| How did Lister act on his discovery? |
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| by putting alcohol (phenol) on his post surgical wounds. Dropped his infection/mortality rate lots. Phenol killed the bacteria |
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| What is Koch known for? (2) |
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| -Id'd the cause of anthraz in humans and TB in humans -Germ theory of Disease (his postulates) |
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| Who won the race between Koch and Pasteur of IDing the cause of Anthrax in cattle? |
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| Koch |
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| What are Koch's Postulates? (4) |
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| 1. Same pathogen in every case 2. Pathogen isolated and grown in pure culture 3. Isolated pathogen causes the diesease when injected 4. Pathogen reisolated |
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| What are the 4 exceptions to Koch's Postulates? |
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| 1. Too fastidious 2. Disease can be caused by a number of microbes 3. The microbe can produce a number of diseases 4. Ethical issues |
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| What does Koch's postulate "too fastidious" mean? |
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| its very picky:problem of growing in the lab |
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| what is an example of a disease that is too fastidious? |
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| leporasy viruses syphillis |
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| Waht is an example of a disease that is caused by a number of microbes? |
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| U.T.I.'s (most common is E.Coli by many others can cause this) |
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| Waht is an example of a microbe that can produce many diseases? |
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| E. Coli:UTI, wound infections, etc. |
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| What does Koch's postulate "ethical issues" mean? |
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| only 1 host:human host, the disease makes you die, etc. |
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| What is an example of a diease that would have ethical issues? |
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| HIV/AIDS |
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| Waht is Jenner known for? |
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| Vaccination/immunization |
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| Vaccination/immunization |
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| Immunity acquired by vaccine administration |
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| What was a shocking way Jenner proved a vaccination? |
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| Innoculated 8 year old boy. (His son?!?!) |
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| What was the first vaccine? What was it for? Who discovered it? |
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| a)cowpox b)Smallpox c)Jenner |
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| How does Ms. Kvatch think the word vaccitantion came from? |
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| Cowpox first vaccine. "vaca" means cow in spanish |
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| Vaccine |
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| Killed, inactivated, or attenuated microbes to induce artificially acquired immunity |
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| "Killed" microbe in vaccine |
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| dead but outside will cause antibodies to form |
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| "inactivated" microbe in vaccine |
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| can't cause disease |
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| "attenuated" microbe in vaccine |
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| weakened |
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| How would you acquire an inactivated microbe? |
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| insert gene into yeast, yeast makes protein, this put into body, body forms antibodies |
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| Immunity |
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| Specific resistance by body's defense against a particular pathogen (antibodies) |
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| What are the 4 classifications to immunity? |
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| Active, passive, natural, artificial |
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| Which is longer lasting, active or passive? |
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| active |
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| Active immunity |
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| your body makes antibody post disease or vaccine |
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| Passive Immunity |
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| you are given antibody, your body doesn't make. |
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| Natural active? |
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| had the disease, make antibodies |
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| Natural Passive? |
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| Placenta, breast milk |
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| Artificial active? |
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| flushot |
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| Artificial passive? |
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| Rhogam, gamma globulin |
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| Do all antibodies pass through the placenta? |
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| no |
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| Which is the broader term, Rhogam or gamma globulin? |
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| gamma globulin |
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| Why would rhogam be given? |
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| Mom: RH- child: RH+ During pregnancy mixing, mom makes antibodies. Rhogam:gamma globulin antibodies. Rhogam given before her own antibodies can be made. |
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| How is Rhogam made? How is it given? |
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| industrial made, given in a shot |
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| Immunology |
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| study of immune system response |
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| Was penicilin originaly thought to be a "cure all" drug? |
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| yes |
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| Was Rhogam originally concidered a "cure all" drug? |
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| no |
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| Besides vaccines and producing antibiotics, what are 5 other benefits of Microbes? |
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| 1.Recycling elements 2.Sewage Treatment 3. Bioremediation 4.Insect Pest Control 5.Biotechnology |
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| How do Microbes help with recycling elements? (2) |
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| A.Decomposers:Breaking down old so that new things can use them. Break down into smaller particles/elements B)Producers: algae/oxygen |
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| What's a fun fact about sewage treatment? |
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| 1% solied: ad in large cities that can be 100,000 tons |
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| Bioremediation (notes in class) |
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| use of microbes to 'remediate" or clean up pollutants |
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| What would bioremediation be used for? |
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| A.oil spills, mercury spills B. Landfills |
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| How are microbes used in landfills? |
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| methane for energy: bacteria break down and make methane used to power city. |
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| What do Bacillus bacteria tend to produce? |
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| toxins |
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| Insect Pest control (baccilus thuringienssis) |
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| specific non chemical use bacteria to stop ONLY INSECTS from hurting a plant |
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| Biotechnology |
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| Our INTENTIONAL use of microbes, cells or cell components to make useful products. |
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| What are some of the examples of biotechnology? |
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| landfills sourdough bread |
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| What are not some of the examples of biotechnology? |
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| decomposers |
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| What are some examples of bioengineering without genetic engineering? |
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| Bread, cheese, fermentation(alcohol), yougurt, sewage, killed WHOLE organism vaccination. |
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| Genetic engineering |
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| Manipulation of genetic material in-vitro |
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| in-vitro |
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| in lab |
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| in-vivo |
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| in body |
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| Recombinant DNA techniques |
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| Insertion of gene into the DNA of another species |
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| What are some examples of Biotechnology with genetic engineering? |
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| Hormones, enzymes sub unit vaccination |
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| What are some examples of hormones that would be genetically engineered? |
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| insulin, growth hormones |
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| How would a scientist genetically engineer hormones? |
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| plasmids, E. Coli |
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| What type ofenzyme would be genetically engineered? |
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| lactase |
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| How is a subunit vaccination genetically engineered? |
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| yeast. |
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| s a subunit vaccination used with a whole or part of an organism? |
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| NEVER WHOLE!!! |
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| What are two types of genetic engineering? |
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| Recombinant DNA tecniques Gene therapy |
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| Gene therapy |
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| use virus to insert/replacemissing or incorrect gene into human cells |
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| What is an example of a disease that would use gene therapy? |
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| Muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia |
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| How was sickle cell anemia being fixed with gene therapy? |
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| hemoglobin wrong, take out bone marrow, insert gene, stem cells changed, bone marrow put back in, person produces normal hemoglobin |
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| Normal flora (microbiota) |
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| microbes that colinize a hose without causing a disease. |
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| Is it better or worse to not having flora where you should have them that having flora in either the wrong place or the wrong type of flora? |
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| Trick question, just as bad |
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| Infectious disease |
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| Disease when pathogen invade susceptible host |
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| Universal precautions |
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| treat all specimens as if they are infective |
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| What is the only eradicated disease? |
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| Small Pox |
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| What disease is in the process of being eradicated? |
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| polio |
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| How is it determined if a disease is being eradicated? |
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| No new cases, solid three years |
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| What is unique about small pox? |
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| no reservoir |
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| What is an emerging disease? |
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| New, changing or increasing. |
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| Mad Cow:organism type? |
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| Prion |
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| What is unique about Prion? |
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| in is a protein fragmet that is a self replicating protein and is not alive bt acts like it is |
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| Is a Prion alive? |
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| no |
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| Mad Cow:source |
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| cattle nervouse system? |
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| Can you cure a cow with mad cow diease? What is the procedure? |
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| No, incinerate cow |
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| Can you cook out mad cow disease? |
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| no |
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| How does a human become infected with Mad Cow disease? |
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| Eat the contaminated/infected beef |
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| What is an example of genetic engineering in agriculture? |
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| -Round up resistant crops (soybeans) -bovine growth hormone (cow) -Bt. Crops (bacillus thuringiensis) |
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| How are BT crops made? |
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| -toxin paralyzes insects -take gene and put into plasmid -cause cell to become whole plant -plant now has gene |
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| What are the symptoms of mad cow disease? |
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| Neurological disorder:spongiform encephalitis |
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| When does the symptoms of Mad cow disease show up? |
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| years later |
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| How do you diagnose mad cow disease? |
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| diagnosed after deaeth and autopsy |
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| How do you prevent mad cow disease? |
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| it is illegal to use mammal brain in feed (how cows could get it) |
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| How do you treat Mad Cow Disease? |
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| No treatment/cure. Fatal |
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| What type of organism is E. Coli 0157? |
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| bacteria (baccillus) |
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| What is the source of E.Coli 0157? |
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| Undercooked beef, unpasteurized beverages, spinach |
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| What are the symptoms of E. Coli 0157? |
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| -hemorrage colitis (very bloody diarrhea) -hemolcytic uremic (bloody urine) |
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| How soon can one diagnose E. Coli 0157? |
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| Within days |
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| How do treat E. Coli 0157? |
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| it is selflimiting. One treats the symptoms with ivs |
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| How does one prevent E. Coli 0157? |
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| cooking meat throughly |
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| How many E. Coli 0157 does it take to cause symptoms? |
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| fewer than 10 can cause symptoms |
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| What type of organism causes HIV/AIDS? |
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| Virus |
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| How is HIV/AIDS transmitted? |
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| Sex, needles, transfusions, prenatally |
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| What is the source of HIV/AIDS? |
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| Bloody and body transfusions |
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| When do the symptoms of HIV/Aids show up? |
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| Not for years |
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| What are the symptoms of HIV/Aids? |
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| Aids-kaposi's sarcoma, life threatening pneumonia yeast, and other infections |
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| How do you treat HIV/Aids? |
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| no treatment. Only to delay symptoms, no cure |
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| What type of organism is symphillis caused by? |
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| bacteria (spirochets) |
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| What is the source of syphillis? |
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| blood and body fluids |
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| How is syphillis transmitted? |
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| sex, prenatal |
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| What are syphillis's three stages? |
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| 1. Canchre (sore) 2. Rash 3. Tissues-brain, blind, aorta, skin, many sores |
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| How soon does the canchre show up for syphillis? |
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| 2 weeks-months |
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| Can one treat a canchre? |
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| yes, with antibiotics |
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| If you treat syphillis in the canchre stage, do the other stages still occur? |
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| no |
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| How soon after the canchre stage does the second stage show up? |
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| 2-4 years |
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| Where does the rash in the second stage of syphillis symptoms occur? |
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| either skin or mucous membrane |
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| Can you treat the rash of Syphillis? |
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| yes, with antibiotics. |
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| If you treat the symptoms of Syphillis's rash, does the thrid stage occur? |
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| no |
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| Are the symptoms of the thrid stage of syphillis uncurable? |
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| you can treat, but the damage is done and permanent |
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| What are the three major techniques used to hasten the oil degredation when bioremediation is used? |
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| 1. Biostimulation 2.Bioaugmentation 3.Genetically engineered microorganisms |
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| Why is biostimulation used, and what is the procedure? |
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| optimizing the enviroment of oil-degrading microbes to accelerate their growth and metabolize activity. Through this nutrients are added to the enviroment and the "bad" is taken out |
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| Why is bioaugmentation used, and what is the procedure? |
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| adding additional microorganisms along with the naturally occuring oil degrading organisms (seeding) to more optimally degrade the type of oil present |
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| Why is genetically engineered microorganisms used, and what is the procedure? |
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| They are being made to do what naturally occuring microbes can't. Scientists are attempting to put all enzyme pathways into one organism. It will be used to speed up the process of bioremediation, but is not perfected yet. |
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| What are other sources of oil contamination besides oil tanker spills? |
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| -improperly drilled holes in the ocean floor -loading and unloading tankers -natural seepage of oil from oceanic oil deposits -run off from human land based operations -improper disposal of used motor oil...etc. |
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| what is a problem of using oil-egrading microbes in the bioremediation of oil spills? |
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| very slow |
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| What is an advantage of using oildegrading microbes in biorediation of enviromental oil spills, as opposed to using chemical or mechanical techniques? |
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| transforms toxic chemicals in oil into harmless byproducts. Does not just displace into a new location disrupts the enviroment and ecosystem less |
