Answers on Microbiology Chapter 1 Test – Flashcards
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microbiology
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The study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification
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Microorganisms include
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bacteria viruses fungi protozoa helminths (worms) algae
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Branches of Study Within Microbiology
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Immunology Public health microbiology and epidemiology Food, dairy and aquatic microbiology Biotechnology Genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology
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Microbes are Involved in
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Nutrient production and energy flow Decomposition Biotechnology production of foods, drugs and vaccines Genetic engineering Bioremediation Infectious disease
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bioremediation
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uses biological process to overcome environmental problems (ex: a microorganism that eats oil for an oil spill)
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biotechnology
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study and creation of vaccines and drugs
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2 types of microbes
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cellular and noncellular
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3 names of microbes
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procaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses
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procaryote
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microscopic, unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles, no organelles
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eucaryote
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unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, have organelles
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Viruses
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acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid and protein
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Microbes - cellular
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procaryotes and eukaryotes
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Microbes - non cellular
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viruses
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Procaryotes are measured in
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micrometers
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Viruses are measured in
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nanometers
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Helminths are measured in
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millimeters
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Historical Foundations of Microbiology, Prominent discoveries include
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microscopy scientific method development of medical microbiology microbiology techniques
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
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Discovered lens magnification First to observe living microbes Single-lens magnified up to 300X
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Spontaneous Generation
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Early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter (flies from manure, etc)
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Discovery of Spores and Sterilization
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John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn each demonstrated the presence of heat resistant forms of some microbes. Cohn determined these forms to be endospores.
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Discovery of Spores and Sterilization - name the 2 men
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John Tyndall, Ferdinand Cohn
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Sterilization
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ABSENCE of all living microorganisms
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Sanitization
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Microorganisms are all dead (but still there)
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Development of Aseptic Techniques: Joseph Lister
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introduced aseptic techniques reducing microbes in medical settings to prevent infections involved disinfection of hands using chemicals prior to surgery use of heat for sterilization, used of carbonic acid as an antiseptic spray
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Pathogens and Germ Theory of Disease, Two major contributors
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Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
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Louis Pasteur
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Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage Disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms Developed pasteurization Demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease Developed a rabies vaccine
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Robert Koch
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Established Koch's postulates - a sequence of experimental steps that verified the germ theory Identified cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera Developed pure culture methods
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Taxonomy
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the foprmal system for organizing, classifying and naming living things
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Taxonomy concerned with
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classification - orderly arrangement of organisms into groups nomenclature - assigning names identification - discovering and recording traits of organisms for placement into taxonomic schemes
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Levels of Classification
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Domain - Archaea, Bacteria & Eukarya Kingdom - 5 Phylum or Division Class Order Family Genus species
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Naming Micoorganisms
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Binomial (scientific) nomenclature Gives each microbe 2 names: Genus - noun, always capitalized species - adjective, lowercase Both italicized or underlined Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) Escherichia coli (E. coli)
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3 Domains
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Bacteria - true bacteria, peptidoglycan Archaea - odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc. Eukarya- have a nucleus and organelles
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3 Domains: Bacteria
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true bacteria, peptidoglycan
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3 Domains: Archaea
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odd bacteria that live in extreme environments, high salt, heat, etc.
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3 Domains: Eukarya
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have a nucleus and organelles
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In the latter part of the twentieth century, scientists became increasingly concerned about the threat of infectious diseases. Which of the following is not a reason why the incidence of infectious diseases has risen?
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Ineffective diagnoses of diseases
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What is the branch of microbiology that involves DNA manipulation in order to create new products and genetically modified organisms?
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Genetic engineering
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When looking for life on other planets, scientists first look for signs of microbial inhabitation. Which of the following is not a reason why?
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Microbes prevent the recycling of elements
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The majority of the oxygen in the earth's atmosphere is derived from processes carried out by what group of microorganisms?
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Photosynthetic organisms
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In the process of bioremediation, biological agents perform what function?
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Degrade environmental pollutants
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Many non-infectious diseases have been shown to be associated with chronic infections with certain microorganisms. Which of the following is one of these diseases?
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Coronary artery disease
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Which of the following is not classified as an emerging disease
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polio
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Which of the following statements is true of the procaryotes?
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They do not contain a nucleus
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Which of the following statements does not describe viruses?
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They are more complex than procaryotes and eucaryotes
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How do the majority of microorganisms exist in nature?
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As free-living and harmless organisms
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Who is known as the "Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology?"
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
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Early scientists explained natural phenomena using several methods. Which of the following is not one of the methods they used?
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Scientific method
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Whose experiments finally discounted the theory of abiogenesis?
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Louis Pasteur
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Which of the following is the smallest in size?
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Poliovirus
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Robert Koch used what microorganism (and disease it causes) to formulate Koch's postulates?
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Bacillus anthracis/Anthrax
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What is the smallest and most specific of the levels of classification?
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Species
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What term refers to the degree of evolutionary relatedness between living organisms?
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Phylogeny
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The analysis of what component has led to the classification of organisms into three domains?
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rRNA
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parasite
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lives off host AND causes harm to host (in some way)
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order of what dies in what order
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cells-tissues-organs-organ systems-organism
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nucleotide units (for nucleic acid)
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sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) phosphate nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, uracil, guanine, cytosine)
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only item seen in procaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses
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DNA or rNA
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virulence factor
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what makes it stronger (ex: emvelope makes virus stronger by protecting D/rNA)
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bacteria
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category of prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cells walls and a single, circular chromosome. This group of small cells is widely distributed in the earth's habitats
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viruses
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microscopic, acellular agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
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fungi
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heterotrophic unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organism which may take the form of a larger macroscopic organism, as in the case of mushrooms, or a smaller micoscopic organism, as in the case of yeasts and molds
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protozoa
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a group of single-celled, eukaryotic organisms
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algae
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photosynthetic, plantlike organisms which generally lack the complex structure of plants; they may be single-celled or multicellular, and inhabit diversse habitats such as marine and freshwater environments, glaciers, and hot springs
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microorganism
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a living thing ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification; an organism of microscopic size
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microscopic
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invisible to the naked eye
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immunology
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the study of the system of body defenses that protect against infection
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epidemiology
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the study of the factors affecting the prevalence and spread of disease within a community
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eucaryotes
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a cell that differs from a prokaryotic cell chiefly by having a nuclear membrane, organelles, and mitotic cell division
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prokaryotes
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small cells, lacking special structures such as nucleus and organelles, all procaryotes are microorganisms
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pathogen
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any agent, usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth, that causes disease
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hypotheses
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a tentative explanation of what has been observed or measured
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theories
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a collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explains or accounts for a natural event
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Germ theory of disease
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a theory first originating in the 1800s which proposed that microorganisms can be the cause of diseases. The concept is actually so well established in the present time that it is considered a fact.
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nomenclature
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a set system for scientifically naming organisms, enzymes, anatomical structures, etc.
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domain
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in the levels of classification, the broadest general category to which an organism is assigned, members of a domain share only one or a few general characteristics
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kingdom
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in the levels of classification, the second division from more general to more specific, each domain is divided into kingdoms
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phylum
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in the levels of classification, the third level of classification from general to more specific, each kingdom is divided into numerous phyla, sometimes referred to a division
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division
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in the levels of classification, an alternate term for phylum
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class
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in the levels of classification, the division of organisms that follows phylum
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order
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in the levels of classification, the division of organisms that follows class, increasingly similarity may be noticed among organisms assigned to the same order
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family
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in the levels of classification, a mid-level division of organisms that groups more closely related organisms that previous levels, an order is divided into families
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genus
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in the levels if classification, the second most specific level, a family is divided into several genera
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species
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in the levels of classification, the most specific level of organization
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binomial scientific names
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scientific method of assigning names to organisms that employs two names to identify every organism-genus plus species name
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archaea
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procaryotic single-celled organisms of primitive origin that have unusual anatomy, physiology and genetics, and live in harsh habitats; when capitalized (Archaea) the term refers to one of the three domains of living organisms as proposed by Woese
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eukarya
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one of the three domains (sometimes called superkingdoms) of living organisms, as proposed by Woese; contains all eukaryotiv organisms
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eubacteria
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term used for non-archaea prokaryotes, stands for "true bacteria"
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Disease-causing microorganisms are called
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pathogens
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The microorganisms that do not have a nucleus in their cells are called
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procaryotes
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When humans manipulate the genes of microorganisms the process is called
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genetic engineering.
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Which of the following is not considered a microorganism?
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mosquito
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All microorganisms are best defined as organisms that
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are too small to be seen with the unaided eye.
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Which activity is an example of biotechnology?
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humans using yeast to make beer and wine
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Which of the following is a unique characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from the other major groups of microorganisms?
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lack cell structure
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The Dutch merchant who made and used quality magnifying lenses to see and record microorganisms was
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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.
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Pasteur used swan-neck flasks in his experiments to prove that
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dust in air was a source of living microorganisms.
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Spontaneous generation is the belief that
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living things arise from nonliving matter.
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Koch's postulates are criteria used to establish that
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a specific microbe is the cause of a specific disease.
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Which of the following is a taxon that contains all the other taxa listed?
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kingdom
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A scientist discovers a new microbial species. It is a single-celled eucaryote without cell walls. In which kingdom will it likely be classified?
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Protista
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A scientist collects grass clippings to find the source of an outbreak of tularemia is an example of working in the field of
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epidemiology
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Helminths are
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parasitic worms.
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Organisms called parasites are
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always harmful to their host.
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The surgeon who advocated using disinfectants on hands and in the air prior to surgery was
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Joseph Lister.
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Which scientist showed that anthrax was caused by the bacterium, Bacillus anthracis?
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Robert Koch
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When assigning a scientific name to an organism
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both genus and species names are italicized or underlined.
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Which of the following are the main decomposers of the earth?
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bacteria and fungi
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The most common cause of death worldwide is
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heart disease.
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Which of the following diseases is transmitted by mosquitoes?
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malaria
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All of the following are correct about prokaryotes except
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they have organelles.
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Which scientist discovered heat resistant bacterial spores?
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Ferdinand Cohn
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Which of the following is the correct way to write the scientific name of this bacterium?
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Staphylococcus aureus
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When microbes are introduced into the environment to restore stability, the process is called
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bioremediation.
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The scientific field called _____ is involved in the identification, classification, and naming of organisms.
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Taxonomy
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Living things ordinarily too small to be seen with the unaided eye are termed _____.
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Microorganisms
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_____ are the group of microorganisms composed only of hereditary material wrapped in a protein covering.
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Viruses
