Test Answers on Microbiology – Flashcards
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| peptidoglycan fxn |
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| gives rigid support, protects against osmotic pressure |
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| peptidoglycan structure |
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| sugar backbone with cross-linked peptide side chains |
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| cell wall/membrane fxn |
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| major surface ag |
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| cell wall structure |
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| peptidoglycan for support, Lipoteichoic acid induces TNF and IL1 |
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| outer membrane function |
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| side of endotoxin and major surface Ag |
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| outer membrane chemical composition |
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| lipid A induces INF and IL1; polysaccharide is the Ag |
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| plasma membrane fxn |
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| site of oxidative and transport enzymes |
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| plasma membrane chemical composition |
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| lipoprotein bilayer |
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| ribosome fxn |
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| protein synthesis |
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| ribosome chemical composition |
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| 50S and 30S make up 70S |
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| periplasm fxn |
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| space between cytoplasmic membrane and peptidoglycan wall in gram neg bacteria |
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| periplasm chemical composition |
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| contains hydrolytic enzymes, including beta-lactamases |
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| capsule fxn |
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| protects against phagocytosis |
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| capsule composition |
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| polysaccharide |
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| pilus/fimbriae fxn |
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| adherence of bacteria to cell surface; sex pills between 2 bacteria during conjugation |
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| pilus/fimbriae composition |
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| glycoprotin |
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| flagellum fxn |
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| motility |
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| spore fxn |
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| provides resistance to dehydration, heat and chemicals |
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| spore composition |
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| keratin-lie coat; dipicolinic acid |
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| plasmid fxn |
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| contains a variety of genes for abc resistance, enymes and toxins |
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| glycocalyx fxn |
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| mediates adherences to surfaces especially foreign surfaces (catheters) |
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| no cell wall |
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| mycoplasma |
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| high lipid content in cell wall, contain my colic acid |
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| mycobacteria |
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| gram positive cocci |
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| staph and strep |
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| gram positive rod |
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| clostridium, corynbacterium, bacillus, listeria, mycobacterium |
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| gram positive branching filaments |
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| actinomyces and nocardia |
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| pleomorphic gram neg |
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| rickettsiea, chlamydiae |
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| spirochetes |
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| leptospira, borrelia, treponema |
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| gram neg coccus |
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| neisseria |
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| what bugs do not gram stein well? |
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| treponema, rickettsia, mycobacteria, mycoplasma, legionella, chlamydia |
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| giemsa stain |
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| borrelia, plasmoium, trypanosomes, chlamydia |
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| PAS |
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| glycogen, mucopolysaccharides; T whippelii |
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| Ziehl-Neelson |
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| acid fast organisms |
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| india ink |
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| mucicarmine on cryptococcus |
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| silver stain |
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| fungi, PCP, legionella |
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| media for H influenzae |
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| chocolate agar with V and X |
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| media for N gonorrhoeae |
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| thayer martin |
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| hat does thayer martin media contain? |
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| vancomycin, polymyxin, nystatin |
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| media for B pertussis |
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| bordet gengou (potato) |
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| media for c diphtheriae |
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| tellurite plate; loffler's media |
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| media for m tuberculosis |
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| lowenstein jensen agar |
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| media for m pneumoniae |
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| eaton's agar |
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| media for lactose fermenting enterics |
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| macConkey's agar |
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| media for E coli |
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| eosin-methylene blue |
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| media for legionela |
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| charcoal yeast with cystein and iron |
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| media for fungi |
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| sabouraud's |
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| obligate aerobes |
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| nocardia, pseudomonas, TB, bacillus |
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| obligate anaerobes |
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| clostridium, bacteroides, and actinomyces |
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| what abx can you not use against anaerobes? |
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| AG |
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| abx for anaerobes |
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| metronidzole and clindamycin |
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| obligate intracelllar |
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| rikettsia, chlamycia b/c can't make own ATP |
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| facultatie intracellular |
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| salmonella, neisseria, brucella, mycobacterium, listeria, francisella, legionella, yersinia pestis |
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| encapsulated bacteria |
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| S penaumo, H fluB, n meningiditis, salmonella, klebsiela, GBS |
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| quellung reaction |
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| if encapsulated, the capsule swells when anti capsular antisera are added |
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| catalase fxn |
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| H2O2 -> H2O and O2 |
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| catalase positive organisms |
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| pseudomonas, listeria, actinomyces, candida, e coli, S aureus, serratia |
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| actinomyces pigment |
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| yellow sulfur granules |
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| S aureus pigment |
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| yellow |
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| pseudomonas pigment |
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| blue-green |
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| serratia marcescens pigment |
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| red |
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| Exotoxin vs. endotoxin: outer cell membrane of gram- |
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| endotoxin |
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| Exotoxin vs. endotoxin: secreted from cell |
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| exotoxin |
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| Exotoxin vs. endotoxin: polypeptide |
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| exotoxin |
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| Exotoxin vs. endotoxin: lipopolysaccharide |
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| endotoxin |
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| Exotoxin vs. endotoxin: high toxicity |
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| exotoxin |
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| Exotoxin vs. endotoxin: low toxicity |
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| endotoxin |
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| Exotoxin vs. endotoxin: fever, shock |
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| endotoxin |
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| Exotoxin vs. endotoxin: induces TNF and IL1 |
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| endotoxin |
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| Exotoxin vs. endotoxin: induces high titer Ab |
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| exotoxin |
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| Exotoxin vs. endotoxin: poorly antigenic |
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| endotoxin |
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| Exotoxin vs. endotoxin: toxoids as vaccines |
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| exotoxin |
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| Exotoxin vs. endotoxin: destroyed rapidly at 60C |
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| exotoxin |
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| Exotoxin vs. endotoxin: stable at 100C for 1 hr |
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| endotoxin |
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| Exotoxin vs. endotoxin: tetanus, botulism, diphtheria |
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| exotoxin |
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| Exotoxin vs. endotoxin: meningococcemia, sepsis by gram- rods |
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| endotoxin |
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| Exotoxin vs. endotoxin: genes in plasmid or bacteriophage |
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| exotoxin |
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| Exotoxin vs. endotoxin: genes in bacterial chromosome |
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| endotoxin |
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| inactivates EF2 |
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| diphtheria toxin and exotoxin A |
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| exotoxin A |
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| pseudomonas |
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| pseudomembrane in throat |
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| diphtheria toxin |
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| host cell death |
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| exotoxin A |
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| inactivates 60S |
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| shiga toxin and shiga-like toxin |
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| mucosal damage -> dysentery |
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| shiga toxin |
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| enhances cytokine relsease, causing HUS |
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| shiga toxin, shiga-like toxin |
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| inc cAMP -> Cl secretion |
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| Heat-labile toxin, edema factor, cholera toxin |
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| exotoxin causing watery diarrhea |
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| heat-labile, heat-stable |
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| responsible for edematous borders of black eschar |
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| edema factor |
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| exotoxin causing rice water stools |
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| cholera toxin |
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| inc cGMP |
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| heat-stable tosin |
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| inc cAMP by dialing Gi |
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| pertissis toxin |
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| cleaves SNARE rote in required for NT release |
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| tetanospasmin and botulinum toxin |
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| inhibits GABA and glycine release |
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| tetanospasmin |
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| inhibits Ach relsease |
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| botulinum toxin |
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| phospholipase that degrades tissue |
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| alpha toxin |
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| exotoxin causing gas gangrene |
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| alpha toxin |
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| exotoxin that degrades cell membrane |
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| stretolysin O |
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| ab against this toxin detects rheumatic fever |
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| streptolysin O |
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| bring MHC II and TCR in proximity to cause overwhelming release of IFN-gamma dn IL2 |
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| exotoxin A and TSST-1 |
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| exotoxins causing toxic shock syndrome |
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| exotoxin A and TSST-1 |
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| endotoxin effect on macrophages |
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| activates leading to release of IL1, TNF and NO |
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| toxin effects on complement and clotting |
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| activates alternative pathway -> C3a and C5a effects activates hangmen factor -> DIC |
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| lag phase of bacterial growth |
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| metabolic activity without division |
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| exponential phase of bacterial growth |
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| rapid cell division |
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| stationary phase of bacterial growth |
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| nutrient depletion slows growth; spore formation in some bacteria |
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| transformation |
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| ability to take up DNA from environment |
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| what organisms use transformation? |
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| s pneumo, H flu, neisseria |
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| F+ x F- conjugation |
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| F+ plasmid containes genes for conjugation, bacteria without this are F-; plasmid is replicated and transferred through pious from F+ cell |
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| Hfr x F- conjugation |
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| F+ can be incorporated into bacterial chromosomal DNA = Hfr; transfer of plasmid and chromosomal genes |
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| transposition |
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| segment of DNA can jump from one location to another, transfer genes from plasmid to chromosome and vice versa |
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| generalize transduction |
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| packaging event; lytic phage infects bacterium leading to cleavage of bacterial DNA and synthesis of viral preens; bacterial chromosomal DNA becomes packaged in viral capsid |
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| specialized transduction |
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| excision event; lysogenic phage infects bacterium; viral DNA is incorporated into bacterial chromosome, when phage DNA is excised, bacterial genes may be excised with it |
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| 5 bacterial toxins encoded in the lysogenic phage |
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| shiga-like toxin, botulinum, cholera, diphtheria, erythrogenic toxin of S pyogenes |
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| urease positive organisms |
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| proteus, ureaplasma, nocardia, cryptococcus, H pylori, klebsiella, S epidermidis, S saphrophyticus |
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| produce IgA protease |
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| S pneumo, H flu, N meningitidis |
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| Protein A |
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| binds Fc regiong of Ig; S aureus |
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| M protein |
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| prevents phagocytosis; GAS |
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| examples of conjugated vaccines |
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| pneumovax, H influenzae B, maningococcal |
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| vaccines for polysaccharide capsule Ag |
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| a protein is conjugated to the polysaccharide capsule to promote T cell activaiton |
