Test Answers Microbiology Flashcards
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Spirochetes |
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Treponema, Leptospira, and Borreli belong to what species? |
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T. Pallidum
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| What is the causative agent of syphilis? |
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| Primary Syphillis |
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| Nontender Chancre is the hallmark of what type of syphillis? |
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| Tertiary Syphilis |
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| Neurological symptoms and gummas are hallmarks of what type of syphilis? |
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| Secondary Syphilis |
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| Generalized LAD and rash are the hallmark of what type of syphilis? |
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| Yes |
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| Can syphilis cross the placenta? |
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| Syphilis |
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The following tests are used to diagnose what?
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| Penicillin |
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| What is the tx (medication) for syphilis? |
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| hands and feet |
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| What parts of the body are affected by the rash of secondary syphilis? |
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| in lesions |
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| Where are the spirochetes of secondary syphilis located? |
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|
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| What are the sx of secondary syphilis? |
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| very long- up to 20 years |
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| How long can the latency period of syphilis be? |
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| Gummas |
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| Tumors of tertiary syphilis that affect many organs and may resolve are known as what? |
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| Argyll-robertson pupil |
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| A sign of syphilis when pupils react better to accommodation than light is know as what? |
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| Leptospirosis |
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What does Leptospira Interrogans cause? |
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from livestock (zoonotic dz) |
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| How is Leptospirosis contracted? |
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| Leptospirosis |
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The following are sx of what disorder:
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| No it does not hurt or itch and it can persist for several months |
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| Does the rash of secondary syphilis hurt? How long can it persist? |
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| Relapsing Fever |
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| Borrelia Hermsii is the causative agent of what disorder? |
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| An antigenic change occurs and a new immune response occurs causing fever a few days later |
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| What is the significance of the name relapsing fever? |
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| Relapsing Fever |
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The following symptoms are indicative of what disorder?
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| Lyme Disease |
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| Borellia Burgdorferi is the causative agent of what? |
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| Blacklegged (or deer) ticks |
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| What is the vector of Lyme Disease? |
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| Lyme Disease |
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| A Bull's eye rash (erythema migrans) is indicative of what disease |
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| Lyme Disease |
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What disease causes ;
; |
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| Tetracycline or Amoxicillin |
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| What is the treatment (medication) of Lyme disease? |
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| Vibrio Cholerae |
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| What is the causative agent of cholera? |
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| Cholera |
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| What is the top 7th cause of morbidity and mortality |
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| Ingested with contaminated food or water |
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| How is cholera contracted? |
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| Cholera |
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| Rice water stools is the most significant symptom of what? |
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| Oral rehydration and Tetracycline |
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| What is the treatment of cholera? |
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| Gastroentertitis; from eating raw seafood and oysters |
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| Vibrio Vulnificus and Vibrio Parahaemolyticus cause what condition? And how is it contracted? |
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| Heat-labile enterotoxin CJT |
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| What causes the symptoms related to C. Jejuni? |
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| C. Jejuni |
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| What disorder presents with bloody or watery diarrhea in addition to fever and abdominal pain? |
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| Helicobacter Pylori |
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| What bacteria causes 90% of stomach and duodenal ulcers? |
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| Person to person |
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| How is H. Pylori most likely contracted? |
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| Gastric ulcers or gastritis |
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| Patients with type O blood and patients who take NSAIDS are at high risk for what? |
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|
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| What are 3 ways we diagnose H. Pylori? |
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|
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| H. Pylori has a 95% cure rate when treated with triple therapy. What is the triad of H. Pylori triple therapy |
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| vasculitis- the lesions will blanch with pressure |
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| What is unique about the rash presented with Rickettsia species? |
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| Rickettsia rickettsii |
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What is the causative agent of RMSF (rocky mountain spotted fever)? |
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Southeast and on eastern seaboard (not often in the west) |
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| Where do most cases of Rickettsia occur in the U.S.? |
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| Q-fever |
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| What does Coxiella burnetti cause? |
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| Coxiella burnetti; Q Fever |
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| What type of bacteria;produces unique endospores that are released when the cell disintegrates? What disorder is this bacteria seen in? |
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| Cat-Scratch Fever |
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| A lymphatic injury associated with a clawing injury by cats is known as ______ |
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| Bortonella henselae |
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| What is the causative agent of Cat-Scratch Fever? |
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| Cat-Scratch Fever |
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| What disorder starts as a small patch of papules then progresses to tender lymph nodes |
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| Elementary body and reticulate body? |
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| What are 2 stages of the chlamydia life-cycle? |
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| Elementary Bodies |
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| Which stage of chlamydia spreads the infection? |
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| Trachoma and Lymphogranuloma venereum |
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| What are the 2 strains of C. throchomatis? |
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| C. Trachoma |
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| Ocular trachoma, inclusion conjunctivits (ophthalmia neonatorum) and STD's are caused by what bacteria? |
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| Most common STD besides HPV |
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| How common is chlamydia? |
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| Chlamydia |
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| What STD presents with mild dysuria and discharge? |
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Direct Antigen Testing (ELISA or Immunofluorescence) |
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| What type of test is used to diagnose Chlamydia? |
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| Chlamydia |
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| Atypical pneumonia (C. pneumoniae) and ornithosis (C. psittaci) are diseases that can be caused by what species? |
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| Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
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| What is the causative agent of primary atypical pneumonia? |
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| Fever, chest pain, and sore throat |
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| What are symptoms of atypical pneumonia? |
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| Tetracycline and Erythromycin |
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| What antibiotics are used to treat atypical pneumonia? |
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| Streptococcus and Actinomyctes |
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| What two organisms are involved with the initial stages of dental caries? |
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| They are secondary organisms |
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| What is the significance of Lactobacillus, Bacteriorides, Fusobactreium, Porphyromonas, and Treponema in dental caries? |
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| Systemic Mycoses |
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| Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Blastomycosis, and Paracoccidioidomycosi are the true pathogens of what? |
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| Systemic Mycoses |
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Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis, and Pneumocystis pneumonia are the opportunisitc pathogens of what?
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| Thermal Dimorphism |
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| Yeast that forms in warm environments (body temps) and hyphae in cooler environments is known as what? |
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| Dermaphytoses |
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| What is the most common fungal infection. |
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| Candidiasis |
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| What is the second most common fungal infection? |
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| Coccidiodes immitis; the southwestern U.S. |
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| What is the causative agent of Valley Fever? Where is it an endemic? |
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| Very low except in immunodeficient patients |
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| What is the mortality rate of Valley Fever? |
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|
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| What are symptoms of blastomycosis? |
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| Amphotericin B; it has multiple adverse effects but benefits outweigh the risk |
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| This medication can be used for all of the systemic mycoses. |
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| Sporothrix schenckii (Sporotrichosis) |
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| What is the causative agent of rose gardeners dz? |
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| Rose Gardeners Dz |
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| In this dz, contaminated plant matter penetrates the skin and the pathogen forms a nodule, then spreads to nearby lymph tissue. |
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| Chromoblastomycosis |
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| This is a progressive subcutaneous mycosis characterized by highly visible verrucous lesions--often confused with other pathogens |
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| Trichophyton |
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| What is the causative agent of athlete's foot? |
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| Athlete's foot |
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Ointments containing tolnaftate, miconazole, or for refractory cases oral medications Lamisil or griscofulvin that are given for up to 6 months-2 years are treatments of what condition?
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| Tinea Capitis |
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| Ringworm infection of the scalp is know as what? |
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| Tinea Barbae |
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| This type of ringworm infection effects the beard of men who work with animals |
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| TInea Corporis |
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| This type of ringworm infection effects the entire body of those who live in hot humid areas |
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| Tinea Cruris |
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| Ringworm infection of the groin is known as what? |
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| Tinea Pedis |
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| Rigworm infection of the foot is known as what? |
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| Tinea Manuum |
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| Ringworm infection of the hands |
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| Tinea Unguim |
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| Ringworm infection of the nails |
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Malassezia furfur; Mottled, discolored skin pigmentation with some slight scaling or flaking |
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| What is the causative agent of tinea versicolor? What does it look like? |
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Candida Albicans (opportunistic infection) |
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| This is the most common causative agent of candida? |
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| Thrush |
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| This is a candida albican infection of the oral cavity that produces a thick white growth on the mucous membrane of the mouth and throat. |
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| Fluconazole or nystatin solution |
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| What is the treatment of Thrush? |
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| Candidiasis |
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| This fungus causes vaginal yeast infections, onychomycosis, and thrush. |
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Cryptococcus neoformas; AIDS, cancer or diabetic patients |
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What is the causative agent of Cryptococcosis? What type o patients are susceptible? |
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| India Ink Staining |
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| How is cryptococcosis detected in cerebral spinal fluid? |
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Cryptococcosis |
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| Dissemination to meninges and brain can cause severe neurological disturbances and death in this condition. |
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| Pneumocystis jiroveci |
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| What is the causative agent of PCP in AIDS patients? |
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| It forms secretions in the lungs that block breathing and can be rapidly fatal |
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| How does PCP affect the lungs? |
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| Bactrim and Pentamidine |
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| What is the treatment of PCP? |
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| Aspergillus |
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Which opportunistic mycoses may be one of the most pervasive of all fungi? |
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| Inhalation of spores causes fungus balls in the lungs and invasive disease in the eyes, heart and brain |
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| Inhalation of Aspergillus fungi spores effects what organs? |
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| zygomycoses |
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| This is usually harmless air contaminates that invade the membranes of the nose, eyes, heart, and brain of people with diabetes, burns, leukemia, and malnutrition with severe consequences |
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| Fungal |
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The following are what type of allergies?
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|
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| ;What symptoms are caused by Entamoeba histolytica? |
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Large Bowel (most pt are asymptomatic) |
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| What organ is most effected by Entamoeba histolytica? |
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| Naegleria fowleri & Acanthamoeba |
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| What is the causative agent of ameobic brain infection? |
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| Acquired through nasal contact with water or traumatic eye damage |
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| How are amoebic brain infections contracted? |
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| Domesticated animals such as pigs and cattle |
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| What is the usual host for Balatium coli? |
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| Trichamonas |
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The following disease are caused by what species?
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| foul smelling green to yellow frothy discharge on pelvic exam |
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| What signs are present with T. vaginalis infections? |
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| Wet prep slide or urinalyses |
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| How is T. vaginalis diagnosed? |
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| metronidazole |
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| How is T. vaginalis treated? |
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| Drinking water from natural streams with cysts in it |
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| How is giardiasis contracted? |
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| Diarrhea and abdominal pain |
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| What are the symptoms of giardiasis? |
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hemoflagellates |
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Trypanosoma and Leishmania belong to what genera? |
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| T. cruzi and T. brucei |
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| What are the two types of trypanosomiasis? |
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| T. cruzi |
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| What is the causative agent of Chagas disease? |
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| What are the sx of Chagas Disease? |
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| Reduvilid bug (kissing) bug |
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| What is the vector of Chagas Disease? |
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| Central and South America |
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| Where is Chagas Disease an endemic? |
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| T. brucei |
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| What is the causative agent of african sleeping sickness? |
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| the tsetse fly |
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What is the vector of african sleeping sickness? |
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| African Sleeping Sickness |
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This disease causes a damaged spleen, lymph nodes, and brain with chronic disease sx of: |
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| Leishmaniasis |
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| This is a zoonoitc disease transmitted among mammalian hosts. |
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| Sand flies |
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| What is the vector of Leishmaniasis? |
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| Leishmaniasis |
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What disease presents with the following sx? |
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| Apicomplexan parasites |
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| Sporozoans that lack locomotor organelles in the mature state and alternate between sexual and asexual phases and between different animal hosts are what type of parasites. |
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| Plasmodium |
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| What is the causative agent of malaria? |
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| Malaria |
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The female Anopheles mosquito is the vector of what disease. |
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4
(P. malaria, P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. ovale) |
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| How many different species of Malaria are there? |
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| Malaria |
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The following sx present with what disease
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| Malaria |
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| Ring trophozoites are seen in a peripheral blood smear of what disease. |
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| Cats |
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| What is the reservoir of toxoplasmosis? |
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| Fetuses and AIDS patients |
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| What patients are more susceptible to toxoplasmosis? |
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| Enteric (intestines) |
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| Symptoms of Cryptosopridium affects what organ? |
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| AIDS patients |
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| What type of patients are most susceptible to Cryptosporidium? |
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| Definitive Host |
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| Adult worms live in what type of host? |
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| intermediate host |
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| Eggs and larvae develop in what type of host? |
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| Transporter Host |
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| What type of host carries without infestation or development? |
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| Paralyzes the worm or interferes with its metabolism killing it. |
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| How do anti-helminth medications work? |
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Spread from other humans (eggs in food, drink or soiled objects placed in the mouth) |
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| How are ascaris worms contracted? |
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| intestines, lungs, and GI tract |
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| What organs are affected by ascaris? |
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| PE: the worms are visible in stool or nasopharynx |
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| How is ascaris diagnosed? |
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| Trichuris trichiura |
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| What species are whipworms? |
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| The tropics |
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| What part of the world are whipworms prevalent? |
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| Enterobius vermicularis |
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| What species are pinworms? |
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| All temperature areas including the U.S. (in soil) |
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| Geographically, where do pinworms occur? |
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| from playing in the dirt |
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| How are Pinworms contracted? |
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| Pinworms (Enterobius vermicularis) |
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| What worm causes anal pruritis especially at night? |
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| Necator americanus & Anclyostoma duodenale |
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| What species are hookworms? |
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| Hookworms |
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| What type of worm burrows into the skin of the feet/lower legs then larvae travels from the blood to the lungs, proceed up the bronchi and throat and are swalowed. |
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| Stongyloides strercoralis |
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| What is the species of threadworm? |
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| Threadworm |
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| What type of worm starts out as larvae that penetrate the skin and are swallowed and complete development in the intestine. |
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| Trichinella spiralis |
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| What is the causative agent of Trichinosis? |
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Trichinosis (Trichinella spiralis) |
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| What is acquired from eating undercooked pork or bear meat? |
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| Intestine, muscle, heart and brain where it forms cysts. |
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| What organs are affected by Trichinosis? |
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| Filarial Worms |
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What worm belongs to the following species?
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| spread by biting insecets |
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| How are Filarial worms contracted? |
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| Wuchereia bancrofti |
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| What species cause elephantitis? |
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| Blockage of the lymphatic system |
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| What causes the massive swelling associated with elephantitis? |
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| Loa Loa |
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| What speceis does the african eye worm belong to? |
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| Schistomiasis |
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| What is the most common species of trematodes (flukes)? |
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| from eating raw beef or pork |
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| How are flatworms contracted? |
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| Taenia saginata and Taenia solium |
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| What species are flatworms? |
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| DNA viruses |
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The following viruses are what type of viruses?
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| Parvovirus |
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| What is the only single stranded DNA virus? |
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| Variola |
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| What is the causative agent of smallpox? |
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| Smallpox |
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What disease causes the following sx:
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| up to 50% |
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| What is the mortality rate of smallpox? |
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| Unclassified poxvirus |
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| What is the causative agent of molluscum contagiosum? |
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| Transmitted by direct contact and fomites |
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| How is molluscum contagiousum contracted? |
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| molluscum contagiousum |
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| What virus can be treated by freezing, electrical cautery, and chemical agents; can be cleared by the immune system? |
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| Herpes simplex virus |
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| What virus do the complications of latency and recurrent infections become more severe with age, cancer chemotherapy and immunosuppression? |
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| They are very similar--difference is in the site of lesions but either can occur at all sites |
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| What is the difference between HSV-1 and HSV-2? |
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| Acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir |
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| What is the treatment (meds) for HSV-1 and HSV-2? |
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| CN V - trigeminal nerve |
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| What cranial nerve is often involved with HSV-1 infections? |
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| Herptic Whtilow |
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| A herpes infection of the finger usually due to occupational exposure |
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| Chicken Pox |
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| Varicella-zoster virus is the causative agent of what? |
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| Shingles |
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| A reactivation of chickenpox that occurs in the dermatomes in time of stress |
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Tx: Acyclovir Prevention: vaccine |
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| What is the treatment and prevention of chicken pox and shingles? |
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| fetuses, immunodeficient adults (HIV), and transplant patients |
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| What patients are of most concern in CMV (cytomegalovirus) infections? |
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| Epstein Barr Virus |
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| What is the causative agent of mononucleosis? |
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| Mononucleosis |
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The following virus presents with the following sx:
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| Monospot and CBCw/diff |
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| How is mononucleosis diagnosed? |
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| What diseases are caused by EBV (Epstein Barr Virus)? |
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| Patients immunocompromised by a coinfection |
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| What type of patients is EBV more prevalent? |
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| Herpes Virus 6 (HHV-6) |
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| What is the causative agent of roseola infantum? |
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| Herpes Virus 6 (HHV-6) |
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| Multiple Sclerosis may be associated with what virus? |
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| Herpes Virus-8 (HHV-8) |
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| Kaposi's sarcoma is associated with what virus? |
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| Hepatitis B virus |
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| Which of the hepatitis viruses is a DNA virus? |
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Hep A and Hep B (no vaccine for Hep C) |
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| Which hepatitis viruses are preventable by vaccine? |
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| Sexually transmitted and blood borne |
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| How is Hep B and Hep C transmitted? |
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| Food borne illnesses |
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| How is Hep A transmitted? |
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| Interferon |
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| How is chronic hepatitis treated? |
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| HB immune globulin |
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| What protects people after exposure to hepatitis? |
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| Hep B |
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| What type of hepatitis is linked to liver cancer? |
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| Adenoviruses |
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The following are caused by what type of viruses?
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| Papillomavirus and Polyomavirus |
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| What two subtypes of papovaviruses cause disease in humans? |
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| 40 |
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| How many different strains of HPV infect humans? |
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| Direct contact or fomites |
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| How is papillomavirus transmitted? |
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| 2 weeks to more than a year |
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| How long is the incubation period of papillomavirus? |
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|
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| How is HPV treated? |
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| HPV |
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| What does the Gardasil vaccine protect against? |
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| Parvoviruses |
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The following disorders are caused by what virus?
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| Erythema infectiosum |
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| What is the 5th disease of childhood? |
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| Parvovirus B19 |
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| What is erythema infectiousum caused by? |
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| no treatment |
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| What is the treatment of erythema infectiosum? |
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| Orthomyxovirus |
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| What type of virus is influenza A? |
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| Influenza A |
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| This virus needs a new vaccine every year because of its antigenic drift and antigenic shift from year to year leading to a new strain. |
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| Flumist nasal solution |
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| What is the vaccine option for influenza A? |
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| elderly and infants |
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| What type of patients are most susceptible to the flu? |
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| 10 |
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| Influenza is among the top _____ causes of death in the U.S. |
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Influenza |
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|
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| What are some treatment (meds) for the flu? |
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| Reye's syndrome |
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| A syndrome of degeneration of the brain, liver, and kidney linked to the use of aspirin in children to control the fever of influenza. |
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| Don't give Aspirin to children |
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| How can Reye's syndrome be avoided? |
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| Arenaviruses |
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The following diseases are caused by what viruses?
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| Paromyxoviruses |
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| Parainfluenza, mumps, and measles are what type of viruses? |
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| Paromyxoviruses |
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| This type of virus induces the cell membrane of adjacent cells to fuse into large multinucleate giant cells thus passing the virus to new cells while avoiding antibodies. |
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| Parainfluenza |
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| What is the causative agent of croup? |
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| Paramyxovirus |
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| What is the causative agent of mumps? |
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| Morbillivirus |
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| What is the causative agent of measles (rubeola)? |
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| Rubivirus |
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| What is the causative agent of German Measles (Rubella)? |
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| Koplik's spots |
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| Tiny white lesions with a red border that form on the inside of the mouth adjacent to the molars |
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| Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) |
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| A progressive neurological degeneration of the cerebral cortex, white matter and brain caused by measles. |
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| RSV |
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| This is the most prevalent cause of respiratory infection in children 6 months or younger |
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|
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| What are the sx of RSV? |
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| Antigen testing of nasal washings |
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| How is RSV diagnosed? |
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| Synagias, a monoclonal antibody blocks viral attachment to cells of RSV immunoglobulin |
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How is RSV treated?
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| Rhabdovirus Lyssavirus |
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| What is the causative agent of rabies? |
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| Rabies |
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| This virus is spread to humans by bites, scratches, or aerosol droplets. |
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| Rabies |
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| Furious and dumb are forms of what virus |
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| raccoons, skunks, bats, and canines |
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| What are the most common animals that carry rabies in the U.S.? |
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Not definitely diagnosed until autopsy (negri bodies in the brain) |
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| How is Rabies diagnosed? |
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| How is rabies treated? |
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Coronaviruses
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The following diseases are caused by what virus?
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non-immunized pregnant women; because contracting rubella may cause severe congenital deformities |
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| What patients are at great risk if exposed to rubella? Why? |
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| MMR vaccine |
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| What is the prevention of rubella? |
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| Arboviruses |
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The following diseases are caused by what type of virus?
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| Yellow fever and Dengue fever |
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| What type of arboviruses are considered hemorrhagic fevers? |
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| Retroviruses |
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HTLV-1 and HTLV-II & HIV-1 and HIV-2 are considered what type of viruses?
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| Retroviruses |
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| What type of virus is unique in that it encodes reveres transcriptase enzymes which makes a DNA copy of their RNA genome? |
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| AIDS and Leukemia |
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| What diseases do retroviruses (HIV and HTLV) cause? |
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| blood, semen, and vaginal secretions |
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| In what body fluids is HIV found? |
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Sex, sharing needles, and mother to fetus (almost any type of body fluid exposure) |
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| How is HIV transmitted? |
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| T-helper cells and macrophages |
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| What cells are targeted by HIV? |
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| AIDS |
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The following are the first signs of what disease:
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|
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| What are the top 5 ADC's (AIDS defining conditions)? |
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| below 200/ml |
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| What is the AIDS indicator CD4 T-cell count? |
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Homosexual or bisexuals-45% Intravenous drug users-30% Heterosexual partners of HIV carriers-11% |
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| What type of patients are at greatest risk for HIV in the U.S.? |
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| Invasive Cervical Cancer |
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| What may be an ADC (AIDS defining condition) in women with HIV? |
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| 8-16 weeks (2-4 months) |
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| How soon after an initial infection of HIV is an antibody detectable? |
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| 2-15 years-- longer with treatment |
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| How long can the latency period of HIV last? |
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Inhibit viral enzymes: reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase and inhabit viral translation |
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| What do HIV treatments target? |
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| Avoid high risk behavior, use condoms, and use universal precautions when handling fluids |
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| How is HIV prevented? |
question
| 2 different strains of Enterovirus |
answer
| What is the causative agent of Polio and Hepatitis A? |
question
Polio and Hepatitis A (Enteroviruses) |
answer
| Coxsackie virus and echovirus are in the same family as what viruses? |
question
| Polio |
answer
| What causes flaccid paralysis but sensation is intact--very painful virus |
question
| Ingested |
answer
| What is the portal of entry of Polio? |
question
| Oral or injectable vaccine |
answer
| How is Polio prevented? |
question
| Coxsackie Virus |
answer
| What is the causative agent of the pediatric illness Hand-Foot-Mouth disease? |
question
| Hepatitis A |
answer
| This virus' route of transmission is fecal-oral. It is spread by contaminated food from worker with active infection. |
question
| Surface antigens are too numerous and complex to make a vaccine |
answer
| Why is it difficult to make a vaccine against rhinovirus? |
question
| Handwashing |
answer
| How do we prevent rhinovirus since their is no vaccine? |
question
| Rotavirus |
answer
| Which virus causes a serious diarrheal disease that may be fatal in children? |
question
| Rotavirus |
answer
| What virus causes 50% of cases of diarrhea and death of over 600,000 children |
question
| infectious proteins called prions |
answer
| What are the causative agents of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)? |
question
| causes spongioform encephalopathies |
answer
| What does Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) do to the brain? |
