micro unit 1 – Flashcards

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what is a diseased state resulting from an invasion of the body by a pathogen?
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pathophysiology
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what is a disease-producing or causing (micro)-organism?
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pathogen
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what is the study of microorganism?
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microbiolody
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what are life forms generally too small to be seen with the naked eye (and thus, requires the use of a microscope to be seen)/
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microorganism
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what are 4 examples of microorganisms often referred as "germs", "bugs", and "microbes"?
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bacteria, viruses, parasites, and yeasts
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true or false
fungi and parasites can be seen without a microscope
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true
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what is the study of bacteria?
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bacteriology
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what is the study of viruses?
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virology
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what is the study of fungi?
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mycology
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what is the study of parasites?
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parasitology
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what is the study of host (human) resistance to disease?
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immunology
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true or false
eukaryotic cell is a bacterial cell and prokaryotic is a human cell
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false
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from eukaryotic cell to virus to prokaryotic cell name them from biggest to smallest
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eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, and virus
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Your immune system includes white blood cells like ___________, ___________, and __________
and processes like inflammation and ________________
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neutrophils, B-cells and T-cells
phagocytosis
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what is the process of engulfing and digesting extracellular foreign materials (like bacteria and viruses that do not belong in our bodies)?
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phagocytosis
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what is the study of living organisms like protozoa and worms (helminths) that cause disease?
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parasites
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what is an organism that uses the life cycle of the host species (lives off a host cell/organism) for sustenance or reproduction, or both (life)?
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parasite
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true or false
true parasites are the first microbes ever seen and are the largest in size of the microorganism
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true
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what type of parasite has eukaryotic, with nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria?
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protozoa
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what type of parasite is predominantly single-celled?
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protozoa
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trichomonas vaginalis is what type of protozoa parasite?
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parasite that causes vaginal infection
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giardia lamblia is what type of protozoa parasite?
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parasite that causes diarrhea from rivers and lakes
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toxoplasma gondii is what type of protozoa parasite?
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parasite that pregnant women can get from changing the cat litter
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cryptosporidium is what type of protozoa parasite?
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it is a parasite found in water park
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trypanosome gambiense is what type of protozoa parasite?
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it is known as a causative agent of African sleeping sickness
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what parasite is better known as worms?
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helminths
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examples of groups of helminths are?
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nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes
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nematodes are what?
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tubular in shape and known as roundworms
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cestodes are what?
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tapeworms; segmented
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trematodes are what?
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often referred to as flukes
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the study of larger, multicellular organisms found everywhere is know as ?
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mycology (the study of fungi)
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yeast that frequently causes human yeast infection and is also know as part of our normal human microflora?
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candida albicans
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the mold on bread and the fungus that cause athletes foot and ringworm also often referred to as _______ _________ and __________ __________?
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tinea pedis and tinea corporis
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common fungal diseases are ringworm caused by the fungus _______ and oral yeast infection know as __________
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tinea and thrush
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__________ do not respire, do not move, and cannot and do not grow on their own
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viruses
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acellular are not know as?
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not living, not dead - just there
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viruses are acellular, cannot replicate on their own and do not have _________________ processes
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metabolism/metabolic
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what are two basic components that viruses have?
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protein coat (capsid) and a genome or nucleic acid
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viruses nucleic acid are either ______ or _____ but never both
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DNA or RNA
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viruses can have a 3rd component know as
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an envelope (lipid layer or phospholipid membrane
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viruses are classified according to what?
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type of nucleic acid and diseases they cause
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type of nucleic acid are DNA or RNA and _________ or ____________
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enveloped or non-enveloped
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what will not work on viruses but will work on bacteria are?
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antibiotics
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baby viruses are known as?
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virions or virus particles
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reproduction of virus has what four stages
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attachment, enter, multiple, and parting
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when virus attaches to a host cell is know as what stage of virus reproduction?
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attachment
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when virus or viral nucleic acid enters host cell is known as what stage of virus reproduction?
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enter
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when virus uses host cell's enzymes and ribosomes to make viral genes and proteins (virus "parts") is known as what stage of virus reproduction?
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multiple
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when new virus particles ("newborn baby" viruses) eventually leave host and search for a new host cell is known as what stage of virus reproduction?
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parting
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enveloped virus leaves the cell by __________ and non-enveloped virus leaves the cell by _________
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budding and lyse
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influenza (the "flu"), herpes (herpes virus type I and II), HIV, mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus), chicken pox/shingles (varicella-zoster virus), smallpox, ebola, norwalk, mumps, and measles are known as?
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viral diseases
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the study of bacteria is known as?
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bacteriology
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_________are know as good bacteria and help the environment by degrading biowaste and clean up oil spills
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probiotics
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biofilms are known as?
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bad bacteria
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bacteria are ___________ which means they are simple and single-celled organism
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prokaryotes
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bacteria do not have membrane bound __________, no membrane bound __________ and no __________
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organelles, nucleus, and mitochondria
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the processes that bacteria replicate is know as?
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binary fission
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staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, streptococcus mutans, and lactobacillus are known as?
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bacteria
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bacteria are grouped or classified and identified based on what characteristics?
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DNA (specific genes), unique cell surface molecules, and growth requirements
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majority of bacteria have a structure know as a cell wall and contain the substance ____________
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peptidoglycan
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what gives bacterial cells their shape?
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cell wall
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in lab we identify the million of different bacteria by 1st seeing the cell shape, arrangement of cells, and cell wall type under the microscope and by ____________
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appearance of colonies
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the 1st to see and describe microorganisms in 1670 is?
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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who developed the concept of vaccination in late 1700 is?
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Edward Jenner
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the golden age of microbiology includes _____________, __________, and __________ in 1875-1900
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Pasteur, Lister, and Koch
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the father of microbiology is known as?
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Pasteur
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who came up with pasteurization, rabies vaccine and Disproved Abiogenesis (spontaneous generation)?
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Pasteur
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the "father" of antiseptic surgery is known as?
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Joseph Lister
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whose's postulates helped isolate/discover bacillus anthracis and mycobacterium tuberculosis?
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Koch's postulates
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what are the 4 steps of Koch's postulates
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1) the agent must be present in every case of disease
2) the agent must be isolated and cultured in vitro
3) the disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the agent is inoculated into a susceptible host
4) the agent must be recoverable fro the experimentally-infected host
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in 1929 who accidentally grew the mold that produced penicillin?
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Alexander Fleming
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what two people found a way to mas produce penicillin and purify the active compound?
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Howard Florey and Ernest Chain
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in 1912 who coined the term, and well as discovered and implemented the first chemotherapeutics?
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Paul Ehrlich
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the use of chemicals to treat (infectious) disease is known as
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chemotherapeutic
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who discovered the "cure" for syphilis known as salvarsan?
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Paul Ehrlich
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____________, ____________, ____________, _____________, are external bacterial structures
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cell wall, capsule, flagellum, and Pili (fimbriae)
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____________, _____________, ___________ are internal bacterial structures
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cytoplasm, nucleiod (nuclear region), and ribosomes
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what cell wall has peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, thick, and is cross-linked?
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gram positive
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what cell wall has peptidoglycan, thin, no teichoic acid, and has external Lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS) which produced lipid A an endotoxin
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gram negative
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what cell wall has mycobacteria, peptidoglycan and thick waxy substance (aka mycolic acid)?
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acid fast
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some bacteria when stressed, encounter unfavorable growth condition (lack of water, high heat) can undergo the process of sporulation and form bacterial _____________
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endospores
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two significant genera that can undergo this process and form endospores are?
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clostridia species and bacillus species which are GPRs
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survival technique beside endspore that bacteria use are what 3?
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1) produce/use different enzymes
2) can alter cell wall or membrane
3) alter genes-genetic mutations
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what are the four key stages to bacterial growth?
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lag, log(logarithmic), stationary phase, death and decline
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what nutrients do bacteria need to grow?
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a carbon source (something organic), nitrogen (animo acids), lipids (fatty acids), salts (minerals), vitamins, and water
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medically important microorganisms that cause disease are know as?
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pathogens
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microorganisms that are very good at causing disease are described as?
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pathogenic
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what live off dead organic material by absorbing nutrients (ex. fungi on bread)?
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saprophytes
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what life forms which live off live organic matter (host) and derive support at expense of the host?
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parasites
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in lab we provide for nutrition by use of artificial growth media (broth,agar) and control temperature and oxygen levels by use of an ____________
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incubator
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what 5 key nutrient and environmental conditions that influence bacterial growth are?
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1. moisture
2. temperature
3. pH
4. specific salt (NACI) concentration
5. oxygen requirements
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microbes generally grow best between aw~
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0.995-0.980
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most microbes cease growth at aw~
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<0.900
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thermophiles
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> 40c
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mesophiles
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20-40c pathogenic range
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psychrophiles
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<20c
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obligate aerobe are what specific salt concentration?
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strict oxygen
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what needs lots of oxygen at specific amount?
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micro aerophilic
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__________ ____________ are flexible to oxygen available and not specific. an ex. include E. coli, staph and strep
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facultative anaerobes
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___________ ____________ example are clostidia, C. tenani, and C. difficile and oxygen is toxic to them
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obligate anaerobe
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what are the most common/classic stains used in lab?
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gram stain and acid-fast stain
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an example of immunofluorescene stains that diagnose syphilis is?
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direct IFA
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the destruction/removal of all life forms refers to the process in which all living cells, spores, and viruses
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sterilization
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destruction or removal of pathogenic m/o's is know as?
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disinfection
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true or false
disinfection may not necessarily eliminate spores or all of the microorganisms fro an object or environment
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true
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-cidal (suffix)
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kills; death of microorganism
like bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal, sporicidal
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-static (suffix)
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prevents further multiplication without necessarily killing them by slowing metabolism and inhibits growth
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what seven way we control the growth of microorganisms in the environment
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1. heat
2. irradiation
3. filtration
4. pasteurization
5. low temperature
6. drying (desiccation)
7. antimicrobial agents
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a method can only be defined as a sterilant if, and only if, it destroys ___________ bacteria, in addition to all other life forms
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endospores/spore-forming
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_____________ are one of the most difficult forms of 'life' to irradicate on earth
even more difficult are prions
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endospores
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the heat that are used to control microorganism in the environment include which 4?
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incineration, moist heat, autoclaving and dry heat
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what burns organisms and physically destroy them and are used for needles, inoculating wires, glassware, and objects not destroyed in the incineration process
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incineration >500c
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what kills everything except some endospores (which requires over 2+ hours of boiling to kill)
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moist heat-boiling ~100c for 30 minutes
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what uses moist heat/steam under pressure or pressure cooker and spore forming Bacteria -Bacillus species- is used as quality control to see if it is working?
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autoclaving
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what can be good for sterilizing almost anything, including water, some agar medias, and glass?
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autoclaving
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what is used for sterilizing glassware, metal, and objects that won't melt
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dry heat
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dry heat is used to sterilize for how long?
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160 degree/2 hours or 170 degrees/1 hour
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true or false
dry heat is as good as moist heat for eliminating microbes
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false moist heat is better
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what uses UV light-260mm wavelength and gamma (ionizing) radiation ("radioactive") to sterilize?
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irradiation
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what uses HEPA - high efficiency particulate air- filters and is designed for the filtration of small particles?
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filtration for air
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the use of mild heat and time to reduce the number of microorganisms (likely to cause spoilage) and kill any potential pathogens present is know as?
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pasteurization
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true or false
low temperature are not bactericidal
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true
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most organisms grow very little or not at all at what degree?
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4 C
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what method involve the removal of water from product by heat, evaporation, freeze-drying, and addition of salt or sugar?
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drying/desiccation (removal of H2O)
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true or false
most microorganisms cannot grow at reduced water activity (aw <0.90)
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true
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desiccation is often used to preserve what type of food?
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fruits and grains
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what are chemical agents used to disinfect inanimate (lifeless) objects and surfaces?
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disinfectants
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true or false
some disinfectants, if in high concentration or long contact time, may qualify as sterilants
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true
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what are chemical agents applied to living tissues to prevent infection?
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antiseptics
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true or false
antiseptics are generally less toxic than disinfectants because they must not cause too much damage to the host living issue
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true
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what are pharmaceuticals (chemical agents) that are used in the treatment of microbial infections?
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antimicrobials
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the specific group of antimicrobials used to control/destroy bacteria are known as?
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antibiotics
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