micro unit 1 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
| what is a diseased state resulting from an invasion of the body by a pathogen? |
answer
| pathophysiology |
question
| what is a disease-producing or causing (micro)-organism? |
answer
| pathogen |
question
| what is the study of microorganism? |
answer
| microbiolody |
question
| what are life forms generally too small to be seen with the naked eye (and thus, requires the use of a microscope to be seen)/ |
answer
| microorganism |
question
| what are 4 examples of microorganisms often referred as "germs", "bugs", and "microbes"? |
answer
| bacteria, viruses, parasites, and yeasts |
question
| true or false fungi and parasites can be seen without a microscope |
answer
| true |
question
| what is the study of bacteria? |
answer
| bacteriology |
question
| what is the study of viruses? |
answer
| virology |
question
| what is the study of fungi? |
answer
| mycology |
question
| what is the study of parasites? |
answer
| parasitology |
question
| what is the study of host (human) resistance to disease? |
answer
| immunology |
question
| true or false eukaryotic cell is a bacterial cell and prokaryotic is a human cell |
answer
| false |
question
| from eukaryotic cell to virus to prokaryotic cell name them from biggest to smallest |
answer
| eukaryotic cell, prokaryotic cell, and virus |
question
| Your immune system includes white blood cells like ___________, ___________, and __________ and processes like inflammation and ________________ |
answer
| neutrophils, B-cells and T-cells phagocytosis |
question
| what is the process of engulfing and digesting extracellular foreign materials (like bacteria and viruses that do not belong in our bodies)? |
answer
| phagocytosis |
question
| what is the study of living organisms like protozoa and worms (helminths) that cause disease? |
answer
| parasites |
question
| what is an organism that uses the life cycle of the host species (lives off a host cell/organism) for sustenance or reproduction, or both (life)? |
answer
| parasite |
question
| true or false true parasites are the first microbes ever seen and are the largest in size of the microorganism |
answer
| true |
question
| what type of parasite has eukaryotic, with nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria? |
answer
| protozoa |
question
| what type of parasite is predominantly single-celled? |
answer
| protozoa |
question
| trichomonas vaginalis is what type of protozoa parasite? |
answer
| parasite that causes vaginal infection |
question
| giardia lamblia is what type of protozoa parasite? |
answer
| parasite that causes diarrhea from rivers and lakes |
question
| toxoplasma gondii is what type of protozoa parasite? |
answer
| parasite that pregnant women can get from changing the cat litter |
question
| cryptosporidium is what type of protozoa parasite? |
answer
| it is a parasite found in water park |
question
| trypanosome gambiense is what type of protozoa parasite? |
answer
| it is known as a causative agent of African sleeping sickness |
question
| what parasite is better known as worms? |
answer
| helminths |
question
| examples of groups of helminths are? |
answer
| nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes |
question
| nematodes are what? |
answer
| tubular in shape and known as roundworms |
question
| cestodes are what? |
answer
| tapeworms; segmented |
question
| trematodes are what? |
answer
| often referred to as flukes |
question
| the study of larger, multicellular organisms found everywhere is know as ? |
answer
| mycology (the study of fungi) |
question
| yeast that frequently causes human yeast infection and is also know as part of our normal human microflora? |
answer
| candida albicans |
question
| the mold on bread and the fungus that cause athletes foot and ringworm also often referred to as _______ _________ and __________ __________? |
answer
| tinea pedis and tinea corporis |
question
| common fungal diseases are ringworm caused by the fungus _______ and oral yeast infection know as __________ |
answer
| tinea and thrush |
question
| __________ do not respire, do not move, and cannot and do not grow on their own |
answer
| viruses |
question
| acellular are not know as? |
answer
| not living, not dead - just there |
question
| viruses are acellular, cannot replicate on their own and do not have _________________ processes |
answer
| metabolism/metabolic |
question
| what are two basic components that viruses have? |
answer
| protein coat (capsid) and a genome or nucleic acid |
question
| viruses nucleic acid are either ______ or _____ but never both |
answer
| DNA or RNA |
question
| viruses can have a 3rd component know as |
answer
| an envelope (lipid layer or phospholipid membrane |
question
| viruses are classified according to what? |
answer
| type of nucleic acid and diseases they cause |
question
| type of nucleic acid are DNA or RNA and _________ or ____________ |
answer
| enveloped or non-enveloped |
question
| what will not work on viruses but will work on bacteria are? |
answer
| antibiotics |
question
| baby viruses are known as? |
answer
| virions or virus particles |
question
| reproduction of virus has what four stages |
answer
| attachment, enter, multiple, and parting |
question
| when virus attaches to a host cell is know as what stage of virus reproduction? |
answer
| attachment |
question
| when virus or viral nucleic acid enters host cell is known as what stage of virus reproduction? |
answer
| enter |
question
| when virus uses host cell's enzymes and ribosomes to make viral genes and proteins (virus "parts") is known as what stage of virus reproduction? |
answer
| multiple |
question
| when new virus particles ("newborn baby" viruses) eventually leave host and search for a new host cell is known as what stage of virus reproduction? |
answer
| parting |
question
| enveloped virus leaves the cell by __________ and non-enveloped virus leaves the cell by _________ |
answer
| budding and lyse |
question
| influenza (the "flu"), herpes (herpes virus type I and II), HIV, mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus), chicken pox/shingles (varicella-zoster virus), smallpox, ebola, norwalk, mumps, and measles are known as? |
answer
| viral diseases |
question
| the study of bacteria is known as? |
answer
| bacteriology |
question
| _________are know as good bacteria and help the environment by degrading biowaste and clean up oil spills |
answer
| probiotics |
question
| biofilms are known as? |
answer
| bad bacteria |
question
| bacteria are ___________ which means they are simple and single-celled organism |
answer
| prokaryotes |
question
| bacteria do not have membrane bound __________, no membrane bound __________ and no __________ |
answer
| organelles, nucleus, and mitochondria |
question
| the processes that bacteria replicate is know as? |
answer
| binary fission |
question
| staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, streptococcus mutans, and lactobacillus are known as? |
answer
| bacteria |
question
| bacteria are grouped or classified and identified based on what characteristics? |
answer
| DNA (specific genes), unique cell surface molecules, and growth requirements |
question
| majority of bacteria have a structure know as a cell wall and contain the substance ____________ |
answer
| peptidoglycan |
question
| what gives bacterial cells their shape? |
answer
| cell wall |
question
| in lab we identify the million of different bacteria by 1st seeing the cell shape, arrangement of cells, and cell wall type under the microscope and by ____________ |
answer
| appearance of colonies |
question
| the 1st to see and describe microorganisms in 1670 is? |
answer
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
question
| who developed the concept of vaccination in late 1700 is? |
answer
| Edward Jenner |
question
| the golden age of microbiology includes _____________, __________, and __________ in 1875-1900 |
answer
| Pasteur, Lister, and Koch |
question
| the father of microbiology is known as? |
answer
| Pasteur |
question
| who came up with pasteurization, rabies vaccine and Disproved Abiogenesis (spontaneous generation)? |
answer
| Pasteur |
question
| the "father" of antiseptic surgery is known as? |
answer
| Joseph Lister |
question
| whose's postulates helped isolate/discover bacillus anthracis and mycobacterium tuberculosis? |
answer
| Koch's postulates |
question
| what are the 4 steps of Koch's postulates |
answer
| 1) the agent must be present in every case of disease 2) the agent must be isolated and cultured in vitro 3) the disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the agent is inoculated into a susceptible host 4) the agent must be recoverable fro the experimentally-infected host |
question
| in 1929 who accidentally grew the mold that produced penicillin? |
answer
| Alexander Fleming |
question
| what two people found a way to mas produce penicillin and purify the active compound? |
answer
| Howard Florey and Ernest Chain |
question
| in 1912 who coined the term, and well as discovered and implemented the first chemotherapeutics? |
answer
| Paul Ehrlich |
question
| the use of chemicals to treat (infectious) disease is known as |
answer
| chemotherapeutic |
question
| who discovered the "cure" for syphilis known as salvarsan? |
answer
| Paul Ehrlich |
question
| ____________, ____________, ____________, _____________, are external bacterial structures |
answer
| cell wall, capsule, flagellum, and Pili (fimbriae) |
question
| ____________, _____________, ___________ are internal bacterial structures |
answer
| cytoplasm, nucleiod (nuclear region), and ribosomes |
question
| what cell wall has peptidoglycan, teichoic acid, thick, and is cross-linked? |
answer
| gram positive |
question
| what cell wall has peptidoglycan, thin, no teichoic acid, and has external Lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS) which produced lipid A an endotoxin |
answer
| gram negative |
question
| what cell wall has mycobacteria, peptidoglycan and thick waxy substance (aka mycolic acid)? |
answer
| acid fast |
question
| some bacteria when stressed, encounter unfavorable growth condition (lack of water, high heat) can undergo the process of sporulation and form bacterial _____________ |
answer
| endospores |
question
| two significant genera that can undergo this process and form endospores are? |
answer
| clostridia species and bacillus species which are GPRs |
question
| survival technique beside endspore that bacteria use are what 3? |
answer
| 1) produce/use different enzymes 2) can alter cell wall or membrane 3) alter genes-genetic mutations |
question
| what are the four key stages to bacterial growth? |
answer
| lag, log(logarithmic), stationary phase, death and decline |
question
| what nutrients do bacteria need to grow? |
answer
| a carbon source (something organic), nitrogen (animo acids), lipids (fatty acids), salts (minerals), vitamins, and water |
question
| medically important microorganisms that cause disease are know as? |
answer
| pathogens |
question
| microorganisms that are very good at causing disease are described as? |
answer
| pathogenic |
question
| what live off dead organic material by absorbing nutrients (ex. fungi on bread)? |
answer
| saprophytes |
question
| what life forms which live off live organic matter (host) and derive support at expense of the host? |
answer
| parasites |
question
| in lab we provide for nutrition by use of artificial growth media (broth,agar) and control temperature and oxygen levels by use of an ____________ |
answer
| incubator |
question
| what 5 key nutrient and environmental conditions that influence bacterial growth are? |
answer
| 1. moisture 2. temperature 3. pH 4. specific salt (NACI) concentration 5. oxygen requirements |
question
| microbes generally grow best between aw~ |
answer
| 0.995-0.980 |
question
| most microbes cease growth at aw~ |
answer
| <0.900 |
question
| thermophiles |
answer
| > 40c |
question
| mesophiles |
answer
| 20-40c pathogenic range |
question
| psychrophiles |
answer
| <20c |
question
| obligate aerobe are what specific salt concentration? |
answer
| strict oxygen |
question
| what needs lots of oxygen at specific amount? |
answer
| micro aerophilic |
question
| __________ ____________ are flexible to oxygen available and not specific. an ex. include E. coli, staph and strep |
answer
| facultative anaerobes |
question
| ___________ ____________ example are clostidia, C. tenani, and C. difficile and oxygen is toxic to them |
answer
| obligate anaerobe |
question
| what are the most common/classic stains used in lab? |
answer
| gram stain and acid-fast stain |
question
| an example of immunofluorescene stains that diagnose syphilis is? |
answer
| direct IFA |
question
| the destruction/removal of all life forms refers to the process in which all living cells, spores, and viruses |
answer
| sterilization |
question
| destruction or removal of pathogenic m/o's is know as? |
answer
| disinfection |
question
| true or false disinfection may not necessarily eliminate spores or all of the microorganisms fro an object or environment |
answer
| true |
question
| -cidal (suffix) |
answer
| kills; death of microorganism like bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal, sporicidal |
question
| -static (suffix) |
answer
| prevents further multiplication without necessarily killing them by slowing metabolism and inhibits growth |
question
| what seven way we control the growth of microorganisms in the environment |
answer
| 1. heat 2. irradiation 3. filtration 4. pasteurization 5. low temperature 6. drying (desiccation) 7. antimicrobial agents |
question
| a method can only be defined as a sterilant if, and only if, it destroys ___________ bacteria, in addition to all other life forms |
answer
| endospores/spore-forming |
question
| _____________ are one of the most difficult forms of 'life' to irradicate on earth even more difficult are prions |
answer
| endospores |
question
| the heat that are used to control microorganism in the environment include which 4? |
answer
| incineration, moist heat, autoclaving and dry heat |
question
| what burns organisms and physically destroy them and are used for needles, inoculating wires, glassware, and objects not destroyed in the incineration process |
answer
| incineration >500c |
question
| what kills everything except some endospores (which requires over 2+ hours of boiling to kill) |
answer
| moist heat-boiling ~100c for 30 minutes |
question
| what uses moist heat/steam under pressure or pressure cooker and spore forming Bacteria -Bacillus species- is used as quality control to see if it is working? |
answer
| autoclaving |
question
| what can be good for sterilizing almost anything, including water, some agar medias, and glass? |
answer
| autoclaving |
question
| what is used for sterilizing glassware, metal, and objects that won't melt |
answer
| dry heat |
question
| dry heat is used to sterilize for how long? |
answer
| 160 degree/2 hours or 170 degrees/1 hour |
question
| true or false dry heat is as good as moist heat for eliminating microbes |
answer
| false moist heat is better |
question
| what uses UV light-260mm wavelength and gamma (ionizing) radiation ("radioactive") to sterilize? |
answer
| irradiation |
question
| what uses HEPA - high efficiency particulate air- filters and is designed for the filtration of small particles? |
answer
| filtration for air |
question
| the use of mild heat and time to reduce the number of microorganisms (likely to cause spoilage) and kill any potential pathogens present is know as? |
answer
| pasteurization |
question
| true or false low temperature are not bactericidal |
answer
| true |
question
| most organisms grow very little or not at all at what degree? |
answer
| 4 C |
question
| what method involve the removal of water from product by heat, evaporation, freeze-drying, and addition of salt or sugar? |
answer
| drying/desiccation (removal of H2O) |
question
| true or false most microorganisms cannot grow at reduced water activity (aw <0.90) |
answer
| true |
question
| desiccation is often used to preserve what type of food? |
answer
| fruits and grains |
question
| what are chemical agents used to disinfect inanimate (lifeless) objects and surfaces? |
answer
| disinfectants |
question
| true or false some disinfectants, if in high concentration or long contact time, may qualify as sterilants |
answer
| true |
question
| what are chemical agents applied to living tissues to prevent infection? |
answer
| antiseptics |
question
| true or false antiseptics are generally less toxic than disinfectants because they must not cause too much damage to the host living issue |
answer
| true |
question
| what are pharmaceuticals (chemical agents) that are used in the treatment of microbial infections? |
answer
| antimicrobials |
question
| the specific group of antimicrobials used to control/destroy bacteria are known as? |
answer
| antibiotics |
