Micro test 1 – Flashcards
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| Microbes are not responsible for ________. |
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| Antibody production |
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| Ehrlich searched for a/an ________. This is a chemical that would hunt down and destroy a pathogen without harming the infected host. |
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| Magic bullet |
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| All life can be classified into three domains ________. |
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| Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
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| All of the following are eukaryotes EXCEPT ________. a. algae b. fungi c. bacteria d. helminths |
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| Bacteria |
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| Placing the DNA from an animal cell into the genome of a bacterium will allow the bacterium to produce an animal product. This new piece of DNA is referred to as ________. |
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| Recombinant DNA |
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| The first scientist to provide scientific evidence that contradicted the theory of the spontaneous generation of microbes was |
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| Redi |
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| Why is Saccharomyces cerevisiae important to humans? |
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| More commonly known as yeast it helps in fermenting alcohol and for bread production. |
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| Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairinga. algae: cellulose in cell wall b. fungi: molds and yeasts c. bacteria: peptidoglycan d. protozoa: multicellular eukaryote |
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| Protozoa: multicellular eukaryote |
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| Which of the following is NOT a term associated with protozoaa. pseudopodia b. agar c. flagella d. cilia |
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| Agar |
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| Increased human exposure to new and unusual infectious agents in areas that are undergoing ecologic changes accounts for the ________. |
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| Emergence of new infectious disease |
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| All of the following pairs are correctly matched except ________. a. metabolism; sum of all chemical reactions b. catabolism; breakdown of organic compounds c. anabolism; building of complex molecules d. oxidation; reaction where electrons are gained |
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| Oxidation; reaction where electrons are gained |
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| All of the following are required for the generation of ATP by chemiosmosis except ________. a. use of proton flow by ATP synthase b. conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid c. passage of electrons through electron carrier chains d. active transport of protons across a phospholipid membrane |
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| Conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid |
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| Competitive inhibition of enzyme action involves ________. a. irreversible binding to the enzyme active site b. alteration of the enzyme's active site c. competition for binding at the enzyme allosteric site d. competition with the substrate for binding at the active site |
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| Competition with the substrate for binding at the active site |
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| All of the following are potential end-products of fermentations except ________. a. ethanol b. pyruvic acid c. lactic acid d. acetic acid |
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| Pyruvic acid |
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| . NAD+ , FAD, and NADP+ are all examples of a. precursor metabolites. b. cytochromes. c. electron carriers. d. enzymes. |
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| Electron carriers |
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| The activation energy of a chemical reaction a. can be achieved by lowering the temperature of a reaction. b. is eliminated in the presence of an enzyme plus a coenzyme. c. is lower in the presence of an enzyme. d. is the same for all chemical reactions. |
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| Is lower in the presence of an enzyme. |
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| What is the major function of fermentation? |
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| It regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis. |
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| Beta-oxidation is a method of catabolizing which of the following moleculesa. glucose b. glycerol c. fatty acids d. proteins |
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| Fatty acids |
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| What is the purpose of the Calvin-Benson cycle? |
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| It produces glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by fixation of CO2 molecules. |
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| Which of the following enzymes might be expected to catalyze the addition or removal of electrons associated with other moleculesa. an oxidoreductase b. a transferase c. an isomerase d. a ligase |
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| An oxidoreductase |
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| All of the following are true for both TEM and SEM EXCEPT: a. The specimen must be sectioned before viewing b. Both can be used to view specimens smaller than 0.2 micrometers c. The illuminating source is an electron beam d. Black-and-white images are produced |
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| The specimen must be sectioned before viewing |
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| In a negative staining procedure, the bacterial cells would be ________. a. stained in an unstained background b. the same color as the background and thus not easily observed c. attracted to the dye used in the staining procedure d. unstained in a colored background |
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| Unstained in a colored background |
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| In the Gram stain, crystal violet remains in gram-positive cells after treatment with alcohol because crystal violet-iodine (CV-I) complexes are trapped ________. |
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| In thick layers of peptidoglycan |
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| Resolution is great when using an electron microscope because the ________ of the electron beam is much shorter than that of visible light |
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| Wavelength |
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| Which of the following types of microscopy is most useful for viewing the internal structures of unstained specimensa. confocal b. phase-contrast c. electron d. brightfield |
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| Phase-contrast |
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| 1000 nanometers is equal to which of the following? |
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| 1 micrometer |
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| What is the purpose of fixation in smear preparation? |
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| It attaches cells firmly to the slide's surface |
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| . You are performing a Gram stain on gram-negative bacteria and you stop after the addition of the mordant. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point? |
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| Purple |
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| Which of the following pairs is mismatcheda. condenser - focuses light through specimen b. diaphragm - controls amount of light entering specimen c. objective lens - primary magnifying lens d. ocular lens - magnifies image from objective lens |
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| Diaphragm - controls amount of light entering specimen |
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| A virus measures 100 nm in length. What is its length in µm? |
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| 0.1 µm |
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| Chemotaxis refers to the ability of microorganisms to ________. |
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| Move toward or away from chemical stimuli |
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| All of the following are found in the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria except ________. a. N-acetylglucosamine b. teichoic acid c. lipid A d. peptidoglycan |
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| Lipid A |
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| Gram-negative cells contain a periplasmic space that is ________. |
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| Rich in degradative enzymes |
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| A population of bacterial cells has been placed in a very nutrient-poor environment with extremely low concentrations of sugars and amino acids. Which kind of membrane transport becomes crucial in this environment? |
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| Active transport |
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| Why is penicillin selectively toxic to bacterial cells but harmless to human cells? |
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| Penicillin specifically weakens peptidoglycan, which is found only in bacterial cells. |
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| Hami are proteinaceous structures found in which of the followinga. archaea b. archaea and bacteria c. bacteria d. eukaryotes |
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| Archaea |
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| Which of the following organelles is involved in producing and transporting proteins throughout the cella. ribosomes b. rough endoplasmic reticulum c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum d. Golgi body |
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| Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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| Which of the following kinds of molecules would be expected to cross the cytoplasmic membrane by diffusion alonea. only electrically charged molecules b. small, lipid-soluble molecules c. only lipid-soluble molecules d. only small molecules |
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| Small, lipid-soluble molecules |
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| The glycocalyx of microbial cells has all of the following functions EXCEPT: a. it enhances destruction of the microbe by immune cells. b. it provides a mechanism of attachment for the microbe. c. it keeps the microbe from drying out. d. it enhances the ability of pathogenic microbes to colonize surfaces |
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| It enhances destruction of the microbe by immune cells. |
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| Crenation, the shriveling of cells due to loss of water, occurs when cells are placed in what kind of solution? |
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| Hypertonic |
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| What environmental impact do microbes hold? |
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| • Maintain balance of life in oceans, lakes, rivers • Convert nitrogen gas into organic compounds • Break down wastes, returning CO2 • Play a role in photosynthesis |
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| What commercial impact do microbes hold? |
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| • Synthesize chemical products such as organic acids, enzymes, alcohols, drugs • Food industry uses microbes in producing: Cheese, Bread |
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| What human impact do microbes hold? |
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| • Humans and animals depend on microbes in their intestines • Vitamin production • Prevent overgrowth of harmful microbes |
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| Who was responsible for hand Washing Microbe-killing with chloride of lime? |
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| Ignaz Semmelweis |
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| Who was responsible for |
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| Aseptic surgery using carbolic acid? |
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| What did Edward Jenner develop? |
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| Vaccination...Exposure to a milder disease may provide immunity |
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| Robert Koch is famous for what? |
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| To determine the cause of a disease for TB and Anthrax. |
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| Who found SALVARSAN, an effective treatment against SYPHYILIS |
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| Paul Ehrlich |
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| Alexander Flemming is responsible for discovering what? |
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| Penicillin |
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| Who is responsible for categorizing organisms based similarities due to relatedness and what is the name of the system? |
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| Carolus Linnaeus developed a Taxonomic System |
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| What six categories of taxonomy are there? |
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| 1. BACTERIA 2. ARCHEA 3. FUNGI 4. PROTOZOA 5. MULTICELLULAR ANIMAL PARASITES 6. VIRUSES |
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| What is gene therapy? |
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| Modifying organisms by inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective one in humans |
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| What factors contribute to emerging infectious disease? |
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| Microbial mutation (evolutionary changes) • Changes in the environment • Overuse of antibiotics (develop resistance) |
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| Describe bacteria and archaea |
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| One circular chromosome, not in a membrane • No histones • Lack membrane-bound organelles • Peptidoglycan cell walls • Binary fission |
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| Describe fungi, plants, protozoa, animals |
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| • Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane • Histones • Membranous organelles • Polysaccharide cell walls • Mitotic spindle |
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| Describe a simple stain |
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| Use a single basic dye |
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| Describe a differential stain |
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| Used to distinguish between bacteria |
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| What are the types of chemical reactions? |
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| Synthesis, decomposition, exchange, reversible |
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| Describe catabolic pathways |
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| (exergonic) releases energy • Breaking larger molecules into smaller molecules |
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| Describe anabolic pathways |
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| (endergonic) requires energy be added • Forming larger molecules from smaller molecules |
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| What is activation energy? |
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| Energy required to destabilize chemical bonds in the reactant molecules. Allows reaction to start |
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| Describe Oxidation and Reduction Reactions |
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| • Electron transfer from an electron donor to an electron acceptor • Cells use electron carriers (NAD+ , NADP+ , FAD) to carry electrons in metabolic pathways |
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| What is the job of Hydrolase? |
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| Adds water |
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| What is the job of Isomerase? |
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| Atoms in molecules are rearranged |
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| What is the job of Transferase? |
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| Transfer functional groups between molecules |
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| What is the job of Ligase? |
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| Join to molecules |
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| What is the job of Lyase? |
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| Split large molecules |
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| What is the job of Oxidoreductase? |
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| Remove/add electron from a substance |
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| Describe Carbohydrate Catabolism |
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| Microorganisms oxidize carbohydrates as the primary source of cellular energy |
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| Who first observed cells (little boxes)? |
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| Robert Hooke |
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| What is black death? |
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| The plague caused by yersinia pestis. Rats were the host and fleas transmitted it to humans. |
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| What is MRSA? |
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| Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus. Treated with penicillin. Spread by skin to skin contact. |
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| What is the cell theory? |
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| All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells. |
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| What non disease causing prokaryotic cell lacks peptidoglycan |
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| Archaea |
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| Yeast is an example of this, they're cell wall consists of chitin. |
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| Fungi. |
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| What reproduces sexually or asexually, is unicellular and include pseudopods, flagella and cilia? |
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| Protozoa. |
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| Describe algae |
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| Unicelluar or multicellular eukaryotes, cell wall contains cellulose, make own CO2 with photosynthesis, sexual and asexual reproduction. |
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| Describe viruses |
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| Core composed of rna and dna, small, simple acelluar, core surrounded by protein coat. |
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| Who started the theory of biogensis (cell theory)? |
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| Lazzaro Spallanzani |
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| Whose experiment with meat and cover challenged spontaneous generation? |
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| Francesco Redi |
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| Who used a curved flask top to disprove spontaneous generation? |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| Aseptic techniques formed by? |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| Describe pasteurization |
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| Heating beer or wine enough to kill bacteria protects against spoilage. |
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| Who solved the case of the doctors and the midwives? (Childbed fever) |
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| Ignaz Semmelweis |
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| Who cured smallpox with a vaccine using cowpox? |
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| Edward Jenner |
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| Treatment of disease by use of chemical substances? |
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| Chemotherapy. |
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| Are antibiotics produced? |
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| Naturally from bacteria or fungi |
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| How are synthetic drugs produced? |
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| Made in labs from chemicals. |
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| Describe recombinant dna therapy |
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| Manipulating the genes of microorganisms to create products for humans. |
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| What is a biofilm? |
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| Microorganisms attached to solid surfaces and frown into masses in complex aggregation. |
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| What are infectious disease? |
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| disease caused by an organism |
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| What is a communicable disease? |
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| Infectious disease passed from one person to another. |
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| What is a contagious disease? |
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| A communicable disease that is easily transferred. |
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| What is a zoonotic disease? |
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| Disease related to animals. |
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| Describe gram positive? |
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| Penicillin sensitive, stain purple, thick peptidoglycan,produced exotoxins. |
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| Describe gram negative? |
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| Thin petidoglycan, stain red/pink, produce endotoxin. |
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| Describe endotoxin |
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| Released by gram negative causes pain when trying to repair self, such as when human takes antibiotic and feels worse. |
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| What are the 5 parts of the cytoplasm? |
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| Cytosol, nucleoid, inclusions, ribosomes and endospores. |
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| Describe cytosol |
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| 80% water, carbs, proteins, lipis |
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| Describe nucleoid |
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| Bacteria chromosome, single long circular double stranded dna. |
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| Describe inclusions |
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| Reserves of chemical deposits |
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| Describe endospores |
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| Deffensive strategy |
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| Describe ribosomes |
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| Site of protein synthesis, subunits target for antibiotics |
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| _____ are gelatinous, sticky, polypeptide or polysaccaride, that form biofilms. |
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| Glycocalyces |
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| What is slower than bacteria and composed of filament, hook and basal body? |
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| Flagella |
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| What shape are coccus? |
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| sphere |
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| What shape are bacillus? |
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| rod shaped |
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| What shape are vibrio? |
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| curved rod |
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| Spirillum are shaped how? |
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| corkscrew, rigid |
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| Spirochete are shaped how? |
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| helical |
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| What is the cell wall function? |
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| Protect against osmotic forces |
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| What do fimbrae do? |
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| Anchor cells to one another and enviornment |
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| What is hammus? |
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| Barbed wire like attach to surfaces. |
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| Axial filaments allow for what>? |
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| Snake like movements, fagella wrapped around |
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| What are pili? |
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| Dna transfers allowed by unicorn structure |
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| What is responsible for assembling proteins of a cell? |
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| Ribosomes |
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| What plays a role in mitosis, cytokenesis and flagella and cilia ? |
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| Centrosomes |
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| What do lysosomes do? |
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| Contains catabolic enzymes that damage cell if released, detroy old damaged sick cells. |
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| What transport system has a continous nuclear envelope with a netlike of hollow tubes? |
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| E.R. |
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| What do mitochondria do? |
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| Two bilayer membranes, inner membrane is cristae, cell's powerhouse, reproduce on their own. |
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| What organelle packages things for the cell? |
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| Golgi body |
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| What process is caused by the production of carbohydrates using light-energy, CO2 and water |
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| Photosynthesis |
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| What is the conversion of amino acids to carbohydrates called? |
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| Gluconeogenesis |
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| A metabolic process that converts sugar to acids, gases and/or alcohol. |
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| Fermentation |
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| Creating a proton gradient to generate ATP. |
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| Chemiosmosis |
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| What is Beta-oxidation? |
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| Fatty acid molecules are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-coA |
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| Anton Van Leeuwenhoek discovered what? |
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| Animalcules |
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| This is used for vurulence, protection and attachment? |
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| Glycocalyces |
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| What is the cytoskeleton responsible for? |
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| Membranous organelle functions as transport system |
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| This microscope has a light background against dark object |
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| Compound light |
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| This microscope has a dark background and light object |
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| Darkfield |
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| This microscope gives a 3D image by using to beams of light |
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| Differential interference |
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| These two microscopes use UV light |
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| Florences and confocal |
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| What is acid-fast stain for? |
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| Identify waxy materials in cell wall |
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| Negative stain to determine? |
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| Capsule |
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| Negative charged bacteria are bonded by which type of dyes? |
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| Basic |
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| Endospores are resistant to what? |
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| Uv light, extreme temperatures |
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| Forming an amino acids by adding an amine group is known as _____________. |
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| Amination |
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| A reaction that can go either way is called? |
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| Amphibolic |
