Flashcards and Answers – Test on Micro Final
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What is Innate immunity?
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Basic resistance to disease that one is born with Host defenses that afford protection against any kind of pathogen.
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What is the function of the "ciliary escalator
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keeps the mucus blanket moving toward the throat trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucous and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract.
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Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity? A) Lymphocytes B) Erythrocytes C) Basophils D) Eosinophils E) Neutrophils
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E
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A differential cell count is used to determine each of the following? name themthe number of red blood cells. neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes eosinophils basophils
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EXEPT: the number of red blood cells.
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5) All of the following increase blood vessel permeability, kinins, _____,_____,____ name them
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EXCEPT lysozymes. histamine,Prostaglandins,Leukotrienes,cytokines,
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A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes?
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Phagocytosis in the inflammatory response
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Margination refers to A) The adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms. B) The chemotactic response of phagocytes. C) Adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels. D) Dilation of blood vessels. E) The movement of phagocytes through walls of blood vessels.
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C) Adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels.
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11) Which of the following statements is true? A) Alpha interferon is an antiviral protein. B) Alpha interferon promotes phagocytosis. C) Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages. D) Alpha interferon acts against specific viruses. E) Beta interferon attacks invading viruses.
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C) Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages.
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Which of the following is found normally in serum? A. Complement B. Interferon C. Histamine D. Leukocytosis-promoting factor
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the answer is: Complement
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Each of the following is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT A. Interference with viral replication B. Bacterial cell lysis C. Opsonization D. Increased phagocytic activity
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fever the answer is: A. Interference with viral replication
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Which of the following is an effect of opsonization? A. Increased adherence of phagocytes to microbes. B. increased motility of phagocytes. C. Increased digestion of microbes by phagocytes. D. Inflammation
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answer is: A. Increased adherence of phagocytes to microbes.
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** Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways name all of them.
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***exept they produce lysozyme. They provide antibacterial chemicals, They make the chemical environment unsuitable for nonresident bacteria and They produce lysozyme
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13) Each of the following provides protection from phagocytic digestion name all of them. M Proteins, _______,______,__________etc.
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A) M proteins B) Capsules C) Formation of phagolysomes D) Leukocides E) Biofilms exept: C) Formation of phagolysomes
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14) The antimIcrobial effects of AMPs include all of the following EXCEPT
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inhibition of phagocytosis.
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15) The swelling associated with inflammation decreases when the fluid goes where?
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Goes into lymph capillaries
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16) Which of the following statements about fixed macrophages is FALSE? 19 A) They are found in certain tissues and organs. B) They develop from neutrophils. C) They are cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system. D) They are mature monocytes. E) All of the above statements are true.
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They develop from neutrophils
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Phagocytes utilize all of the Following to optimize interaction with microorganisms EXCEPT
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Fever
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*** 18) All of the following are affects of histamine EXCEPT, two questions, vasodilation, _____,____,_____ and what does it do to the injurious agent?
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production of antibodies. function of inflamation capillary permeability, and smooth muscle contraction
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19) A chill is a sign that
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body temperature is rising.
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All of the following are part of the mechanism of action of alpha and beta interferons EXCEPT
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they are effective for long periods
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The ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY for COMPLIMENT ACTIVATION is initiated by
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lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3.
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The CLASSICAL PATHWAY for COMPLIMENT ACTIVATION is initiated by
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antigen-antibody reactions
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Activation of C3A results in
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Fever
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Neutrophils with DEFECTED LYSOSOMES are unable to what?
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Produce toxic oxygen products
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Innate immunity includes all of the following , A) phagocytosis. B) production of interferon. C) activation of complement. D) production of antibody. E)inflammation.
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exept:production of antibody.
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After Ingesting a Pathogen, Lysosomal enzymes produce all of the following EXCEPT
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Complement
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Activation of C5-C9 results in
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Leakage of cell contents
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All of the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT
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they destroy infected body cells by phagocytosis.
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Which of the following is involved in resistance to parasitic helminths
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eosinophils
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Macrophages arise from which of the following?
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Monocyte
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All of the following pertain to fever EXCEPT that it
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accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract.
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All of the following occur during inflammation. What is the first step?
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vasodilation
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Several inherited deficiencies in the complement system occur in humans. Which of the following would be the MOST severe
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deficiency of C3
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Lysozyme and the antibiotic penicillin have similar mechanisms of action in that they both cause damage to the bacterial_____ ____.
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cell wall
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What type of immunity results from vAccinAtion?
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Artificially acquired active immunity AAA
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What type of immunity results from transfer of Antibodies from one individual to a susceptible individual by means of injection
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Artificially acquired passive immunity AAP, AP
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What type of immunity results from recovery from mumps?
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Naturally acquired active immunity NAA
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Which of the following is the best definition of epitope?
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specific regions on antigens that interact with antibodies
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Newborns' immunity due to the transfer of antibodies across the placenta is an example of
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Naturally acquired passive immunity nap
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When an antibody binds to a toxin, the resulting action is referred to as
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neutralization
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CD4+ T cells are activated by
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CD4+ and MHC II or interaction between TCRs and MHC II
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Which of the following recognizes anTigens displayed on Host cells with MHC II?
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TH cell
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of B cells? Characteristic of B cell_ They originate in bone marrow, they have antibodies on their surfaces, they are responsible for the memory response , and they are responsible for antibody formation
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...they recognize antigens associated with MCH I
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Plasma cells are Activated by
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antigen
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The Antibodies found in mucus, saliva, and tears are
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IgA
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***The antiboDies found on the surface of B cells, and which always exist as monomers, are
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IgD
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The antibodies that can bind to largE parasites are
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IgE
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In addition to IgG, the antibodies that can fix compleMent are
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IgM
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Large antibodies that aggLutinate antigens are
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IgM
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The most abundant class of antibodies in serum is
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IgG
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Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. The variable region of a heavy chain binds with antigen B. The variable region of a light chain binds with antigen C. The Fc region attaches to a host cell D. The constant region of a heavy chain is the same for all antibodies E. All of the above statements are true
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D)The constant region of a heavy chain is the same for all antibodies
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Fc region attaches to what,
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bind to host cells.
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Which of the following bacterial components would most likely result in B cell stimulation by T-independent antigens? A) pili B) capsule C) ribosome D) flagellum E) plasmid
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A) Pili
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The presence of which of the following indicates a current infection rather than a previous infection or vaccination?
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IgM
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54) WhiCh of the following desTroys virus-infected celLs? A) CTL B) B cells C) Treg D) TH E) dendritic cells
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A) CTL
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Cytokines released by TH1 cells activate what?
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actuvate CD8+ cells to CTLs (cytotoxic T cells)
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Which one of the following causes transmembrane channels in target cells? A) granzymes B) hapten C) IL-1 D) perforin E) IL-2
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C) IL-1
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Which of the following statements about natural killer cells is FALSE? A) They destroy tumor cells. B) They destroy cells lacking MHC I. C) They are stimulated by an antigen. D) They destroy virus-infected cells. E) None of the answers are correct; all of these statements are true.
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B) They destroy cells lacking MHC I.
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IL-2, produced by TH cells, A) stimulates TH cell maturation. B) activates macrophages. C) activates TC cells to CTLs. D) causes phagocytosis. E) activates antigen-presenting cells.
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D) causes phagocytosis.
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Which of the following statements about IL-12 is FALSE? A) It causes TH cells to respond to HIV. B) It causes autoimmune diseases. C) It inhibits some tumor cells. D) It activates the TH1 pathway. E) It activates macrophages.
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E) It activates macrophages. e
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60) All of the following are generally used in vaccines EXCEPT
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antibodies.
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Patient's serum, influenza virus, and red blood cells are mixed in a tube. What happens if the patient has antibodies against influenza virus?
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hemagglutination
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A patient shows the presence of antibodies against diphtheria toxin. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
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The patient was near someone who had the disease.
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An ELISA for Hepatitis C has 95 percent sensitivity and 90 percent specificity. This means that the test
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E. detects 95 percent of the true positive samples and has 10 percent false positive results
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A reaction between antibody and particulate antigen is called a(n) A. complement fixation. B. precipitation reaction. C. agglutination reaction. D. neutralization reaction. E. immunofluorescence. C
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C. agglutination reaction.
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A DNA plasmid encoding a protein antigen from West Nile virus is injected into muscle cells of a horse. This is an example of a(n) A. nucleic acid vaccine. B. subunit vaccine. C. conjugated vaccine. D. attenuated whole-agent vaccine. E. live whole-agent vaccine.
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A. nucleic acid vaccine.
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Toxoid vaccines, such as the vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus, elicit a(n) A. dendritic cell proliferation. B. antibody response against these bacterial toxins. C. TC cell response. D. antibody response against gram-positive bacteria. E. immune complex.
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B. antibody response against these bacterial toxins.
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All of the following might be used to treat type I hypersensitivity EXCEPT: Answer a. Antihistamines b. Epinephrine c. Corticosteroids d. Rhogam
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D) Rhogam
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All of the following lead to drug-induced thrombocytopenic purpura. Which occurs 1st?
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drug binds to platelets
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The process of desensitization to prevent allergies involves the injection of increasing amounts of
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antigen
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Which of the following statments about measles is FALSE? A. It is preventable by vaccination. B. Complications include pneumonia, encephalitis, and death. C. The disease has been eradicated in the United States. D. Annually, it kills thousands of children worldwide. E. It is a serious disease.
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C. The disease has been eradicated in the United States.
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*** 71) All of the following are true of hypersensitivity EXCEPT all are true 2) all are true--phagocytes can secrete interferons which interfere (hence, the name) with viral DNA/RNA replication. Phagocytes contain lysosyme in their lysosomes, which can degrade cell walls, and phagocytes generate superoxides upon ingesting a bacteria to destroy it. 3) The 4 typical characteristics of inflammation are: rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling) and dolor (pain). That being said, the tumor (swelling) is caused by increased vascular permeability, allowing plasma proteins and cells (such as phagocytes) into the infected area. So I'd say all the answers are correct.
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*it occurs in the presence of an antigen -it is synonymous with allergy -it occurs when an individual is exposed to an allergen for the first time -it is due to an altered immune response
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The chemical mediators of anaphylaxis are
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found in basophils and mast cells
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Which of the following may result from systemic anaphylaxis
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Injected antigens combine with IgE antibodies on the surface of certain cells, causing them to release histamines and other inflammatory mediators.
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All of the following are used to determine relatedness between a donor and a recipient for transplants EXCEPT A) HLA antigens. B) ABO blood group antigens. C) MHC antigens. D) HLA and MHC antigens. E) HLA, MHC, and ABO blood group antigens.
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E )HLA, MHC, and ABO blood group antigens. ABO antigens, ABO antibodies, MHC antigens, MHC antoibodies
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A positive tuberculin skin test is an example of
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delayed cell-mediated immunity. DCMI
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A healthy immune system desTroys Cancer cells with
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TC Cells.
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Rheumatoid arthritis is due to deposition
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complexes of IgM and IgG and also complement in joints.
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Allergic contact dermatitTis is due to
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sensitized T cells.
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Attachment of HIV to the target cell depends on
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gp120 combining with the CD4+ receptor.
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The process of desensitization to prevent allergies involves the injection of increasing amounts of
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antigen
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Hemolytic (RH) disease of the newborn can result from an
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Rh- mother with an Rh+ fetus.
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82) All of the following are reasons why an HIV vaccination has not been developed EXCEPT
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small and inexpensive animals for vaccine research are not available.
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figure 19.1 which is the antigen and what happens to the endothelial cells?
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the cell undergoes degranulation and releases histamine and other mediators
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Worldwide the primary method of transmission of HIV is ???
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heterosexual intercourse
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HIV spikes attached to CD4+ receptors are found on what(3
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T helper cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.
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Which of the following is a possible outcome of an HIV infection? A) Virions may remain latent. B) The disease does not progress to AIDS. C) There may be persistent yeast infections . D) Infection may initially be asymptomatic. E) All of the answers are correct.
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E) All of the answers are correct.
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Which of the following regions has the greatest distribution of HIV infection and AIDS in the world?
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sub-Saharan Africa
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Chemotherapy to inhibit the progression of HIV infection utilizes all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT
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destruction of viral ribosomes.
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During asymptomatic phase I of HIV disease, HIV infection is diagnosed by
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measuring viral RNA.
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All of the following are considered examples of type I hypersensitivity EXCEPT a. Glomerulonephritis b. Asthma c. Food allergies d. Hay fever
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a. Glomerulonephritis
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DesensitIzAtion invOlves injection of
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increasing amounts of antigen
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In rheuMatoid arthritis, IgM, IgG, and COMpleMent deposit in joints. This is an example of
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immune complex autoimmunity. ICA
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The number of T cells drops to b3low 200 cells/microliter in which phase of HIV infection
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phase 3
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The initiaL symptom Of HIV infection is
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lymphadenopathy
