Micro Exam 3: Immunization – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers| Define immunization: |
| use of specific immune response to prevent or lessen severity of disease resulting from infection of products of infection (eg. toxins) |
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| What are some examples of passive immunization? |
| Hep B Ig, Varicella Zoster Ig (VZIG), Rabies Ig, RSV (hyperimmune Ig or monoclonal Ig) |
| What type of immunization involves the neonate recieving antibodies transplacentally from mother or in colostrum? |
| Naturally Occuring Passive Immunization |
| When and why is therapeutic (antibody/immunoglobulin/Ig) passive immunizations given? |
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| What type of immunization generates immunity by administering an antigen to elicit an immune response in the host? |
| active immunization (vaccination) |
| What was one of first types of active immunizations? |
aka vaccine cowpox virus (vaccinia) to prevent smallpox Jenner |
| Types of active immunizations can be divided into: |
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| Which type of vaccine (active immunization) uses organisms which are limited in ability to cause disease but share antigenicity with virulent forms? |
| live attenuated |
| what are attenuated organisms? |
| organisms that have been repeatedly cultured in the lab until they have lost their virulence properties |
| how are live attenuated vaccines administered? What are the advantages to this route? |
do not have to be by injection - may mimic natural route! mimic natural infection = give LONG TERM immunity; do not need booster! |
| Do you need a booster for live attenuated vaccines? |
| no |
| What are the disadvantages of Live attenuated vaccines? |
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| What are some examples of Live Attenuated vaccines? |
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| Is the Sabin Polio vaccine still used? What type of vaccine is it? |
live attenuated no longer used. it was used to eradicate polio in western hemisphere (cheap, gave IgA immunity in gut) BUT, rarely, it reverted back to virulent form (as wild polio decreased, vaccine = more dangerous) so replaced by dead vaccine |
| Whole cell and subunit vaccines are examples of what kinds of vaccines? What are they often given with? |
Inactivated vaccines often given with substance to increase immunogenicity (an "adjuvant", eg. alum) |
| How are inactivated vaccines administered? What does this method mean for immunity? |
given by injection - do not give local IgA response (mucosal immunity) -require multiple doses -immunity wanes over time = reimmunization may be required -- give ANTIBODY response but NOT CELL MEDIATED |
| What are some examples of inactivated vaccines? |
| influenza, hep A |
| True or false: inactivated vaccines give both antibody and cell mediated immunity. |
FALSE ONLY give antibody response - NO cell mediated |
| What type of vaccine is made with purified antigens derived from the pathogen and which are found to produce an effective immune response? |
Subunit Vaccine -- less prone to side effects than whole cell and effective, but expensive |
| Examples of subunit vaccines? |
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| What type of vaccine uses inactivated toxins and protects from action of toxins? |
| toxoid |
| Are Toxoids given in just one dose or many? How effective are they? What are some examples? |
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| What makes federal recommendations? What implements them? |
National advisory committee on immunizations (NACI) - MOH and other experts make up NACI
Government departments (dept of health and wellness in NS) implement recommendations - dependend on province - affected by resources, policies, priorities, incidence |
| Why do vaccine programs fail? |
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| When is DTaP primary immunization and boosters? |
| primary immunization at 2, 4, 6 months with booster at 18 months and 4-6 years |
| What does DTaP stand for? What other form does it come in? |
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| When is the Diptheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid TD booster given? Are they given in equal amounts? |
given at 14-16 yrs age, boosters every 10 years less diptheria toxoid (to decrease adverse effects) |
| How is Polio vaccine available? When is primary and booster immunization? |
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| What was the most common cause of bacterial meningitis and epiglottitis in Canada before 1995? |
| Haemophilus influenza type B |
What does the haemophilus type B vaccine consist of? Can it be given with other vaccines? |
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| What type of vaccine is MMR? When is primary immunization and secondary dose? |
live attenuated primary: 12-15 months 2nd dose: 18 months or 4-6 yrs |
Have we eliminated indigenous transmission of MMR?
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| no, filed for mumps and measles |
| What are contraindications for MMR vaccine? |
| severe acute illness or immunosupression (not egg allergy!) |
| Which vaccine changes anually depending on circulating strains? |
| influenza vaccine |
| What is the structure of the influenza vaccine? |
inactivated whole or split-virus vaccine - contians 2 A strain and one B strain |
| What is the seroconversion rate for hep B vaccine? |
| 90-95% in immunocompetent individuals |
What is the Hep B vaccine? How many doses are needed (how is it given)? Booster? |
purified HBsAg (recombinant or plasma-derived) - 3 doses at 0, 1, and 6 months IM (vary from province to province) - booster NOT recommended |
| What are the 2 pneumococcal vaccines? |
1. polysaccharide vaccine (23 valent) = immunity against 90% pneumonia strains of S. pneumoniae 2. 13 valent conjugated vaccine (conjugated to diptheria toxoid) |
| What is the efficacy of the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine? How often should people be vaccinated and who should be? |
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| Which pneumococcal vaccine provides better immunity in small children? |
| 13 valent conjugated (to diptheria toxoid) vaccine |
| How does 13 valent pneumococcal vaccine improve memory? When is it to be given? Does it effect coverage of pneumococci? |
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| What type of vaccine is the varicella vaccine? when is it given? Is it safe? |
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| what is the varicella vaccine used in older people? |
| to reduce zoster |
| What type of faccine is the human papilloma vaccine? When should it be given and in how many dosese? What is its purpose? |
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