Micro Exam 2 11/28/14 – Flashcards
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| Taxonomy |
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| Listing function to provide useful ways for identifying and comparing organisms. |
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| Three types of taxonomy |
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| Biologic Numeric DNA |
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| Nomencalture |
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| How you name something |
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| "Ales" |
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| Universal suffix for order |
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| "Acae" |
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| Universal suffix for family |
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| Phenetic taxonomy |
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| Groups organisms based on mutual similarity of phenotypic characteristics. Ex. Motile or non -motile. |
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| Phylogenetic (Genotypic) taxonomy |
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| Groups organisms based on shared evolutionary heritage. Also referred to as phyletic taxonomy. |
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| Linnaean Hiearchy |
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| Arranges from smaller to larger levels of organization Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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| Numerical taxonomy |
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| Similarity matrix, groups organisms together by the greatest number of characteristics in common |
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| Dendogram |
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| Tree-like diagram used to display taxonomy |
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| Phenon |
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| Group of organisms with great similarity |
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| DNA Taxonomy |
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| Groups organisms together by actual DNA sequences in common. |
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| DNA Taxonomy uses what two measurements? |
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| Genome size (1 x 10^9 and 4 x 10^9 daltons/cell) G + C ratio (guanine and cytosine) |
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| Formula for G + C ratio |
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| G + C ------ = % A + T + G + C |
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| Molecular Species |
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| 2 organisms are said to be in the same molecular species if they ehibit 70% or greater relatedness and the related sequences contain 5% or fewer unpaired base pairs. |
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| Multi Locus Sequence Typing (MLST) |
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| The sequencing and comparison of 5 to 7 housekeeping genes is done to prevent misleading results from analysis of one gene introduced by lateral gene transfer |
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| DNA fingerprinting |
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| Repetitive sequences amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. |
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| Amino acid sequence |
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| Amino acid sequence of a protein is a reflection of the mRNA sequence and therefore, of the gene which encodes that protein. |
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| 5-kingdom system |
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| No longer accepted did not distingquis the diversity between the kingdoms |
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| 6 kingdom system |
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| Divides the prokaryote into eubacteria |
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| 8 Kingdom system |
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| 2 empires, 8 kingdoms |
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| "Splitters" |
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| Every species that is not 100% identical is a different species |
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| "Lumpers" |
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| If an organism is very closely related it can be called the same species |
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| 2D Spread |
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| Length of the line reflects how closely organisms are related |
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| 3D Spread |
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| Computer-based, color enhances version of 2D spread |
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| Carl Linne |
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| Created first system of classifications of plants and created the binomial system |
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| Binomial system |
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| Genus, Species |
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| Colloquial name |
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| Common or informal name of an orgnism. Ex. E. Coli |
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| What are some of the common conventions of naming microorganisms? |
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| After discoverer Habitat Morphology Physiologic Characteristc Pathogenicity Cultural characteristic |
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| What are the techniques that are use for identification of an unknown organism? |
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| Isolation Gas environment Microscopic and Macroscopic morphology Biochemical characteristics Serologic characteristics Pathophyssologic characteristics Phage testing DNA probes/ homology PCR |
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| What are some methods of bacterial isolation? |
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| Streak plate and pour plate |
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| What are some examples of the gaseous environment characteristics of bacteria? |
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| Aerobe Anaerobe Microaerophile Facultative Anaerobe |
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| Proteolysis |
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| The ability of a bacteria to attack (lyse) proteins |
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| Nitrate reduction |
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| Can a bacteria use nitrate as the hydrogen acceptor |
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| What are serologic characteristics of bacteria? |
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| Ability to act as antigens to the human immune system. Can use antibody production to test for them. |
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| What are pathophysologic characteristics? |
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| How bacteria affects other orgnansisms physiologically. Use animal inoculation to test for pathophysologic properties. |
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| What is phage testing? |
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| Testing for bacteria that act as parasites to other bacteria. Or testing for viruses |
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| Of what use are DNA probes/ DNA homology? |
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| Tell organisms apart by their DNA |
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| Archaebacteria |
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| Bacteria identified in 1977 by Carl Woese and George E. Fox. |
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| Carl Woese renamed archaebacteria and eubcacteria to what? |
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| Archaea and Bacteria. Claimed that these two and Eukarya composed the three domains of living organisms. |
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| Archaebacteria are known for growth in what type of conditions? |
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| Anaerobic hypersaline and high temperature habitats |
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| Archae lack |
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| Muramic acid and D-amino acids. Can stain gram + or gram -. |
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| Archae have what peptidoglycan-like polymers? |
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| Pseudomurein which is found in some methanogenic species |
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| How do archaebacteria's membrane lipids differ from bacteria dn eucarya? |
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| They have branched chain hydrocarbons attached to glycerol by ether linkages. (Bacteria and eucaryotes have fatty acids attached to glycerol by ester linkages) |
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| Archae are what type of organisms? |
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| Single celled organisms that lack a nuclei, so are prokaryotes classified as Monera in 6 kingdom system. |
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| About what percent of genes are shared exclusively between archeons and eucaryotes that code for proteins involved in transcription, translation or DNA metabolism. |
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| Most archeobacteria are |
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| Extremely thermophilic, acidophiles, sulfur-dependent (sulfure used in some as an electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration. For some it is used as an electron) |
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| Desulfurococcales |
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| Genus of bacteria that are Thermophilic, Anaerobic, hypethermic (deep-sea thermal vents). Optimal temp for growth is 85 C. They have a latticce-like protein structure celll covering |
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| Thermoproteus |
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| Genus of anaerobes that grow by autotrophic sulfur reduction. |
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| Halobacteria |
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| Class of archae that are found in environments with salt, moisture and organic material. (Halobacteria prefer (8-36% salt) (Ocean is 3.1-3.8% salt) |
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| Why do large blooms of halobacteria appear reddish? |
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| Due to their pigment bacteriorhodopsin which absorbs light, which provides energy to create ATP. |
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| What is a second pigment that pumps in chloride ions in response to photons creating a voltage gradient and assisting in the production of energy from light called? |
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| Halorhodospin |
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| Halobacteria are incapable of what? |
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| Fixing Carbon from Carbon dioxide |
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| Most halophilic and halotolerant bacteria expend energy to due what? |
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| Prevent salt from getting into their cytoplasm to avoid "salting out" (protein aggregation) |
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| Suffix philic means |
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| Organism needs it to survive |
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| Suffix tolerant means |
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| Organism can survive it is around |
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| Halobacterium salinarium |
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| Unique type of photosynthesis that's not chlorophyll based. |
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| Methanoccocus |
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| Genus thats mesophilic and closely related on the hgenus level by DNA association levels. Used to incluse methanocaldococcus jannaschii but it's a thermophile so the genus was reorganized. |
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| All archaea have lipids with links between the head group and side chains that make the lipids more |
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| Resistant to heat and acidity than typical bacterial eukaryotic ester-linked lipids. |
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| Different archaea have different derivates of |
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| Archaeol |
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| Methcl. jannaschii contains almost exclusively |
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| Polar archael derivates including macrocyclic archaeol and archaeal core lipid. |
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| Mehtcl. jannaschii |
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| Contain almost exclusively polor archael derivates, was formally in the genus methanococcus and can grow in atmospheric pressure up to 200 atm and temps between 48-94 C. Optimum temp is 85 C |
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| Nanoarchaeum |
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| Genus that was discovered as being tiny dots on another organism. Only 400nm in diameter. Require cell-cell contact with active Ignicoccus bacteria in order to grow. |
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| Ignicoccus |
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| Genus of bacteria that are autotrophic sulfur-reducing thermophiles. Serve as the host cell for Nanoarcheum. |
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| Most proteobacteria are |
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| Gram - and motile (some non-motile or glide) |
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| Proteobacteria is a phylum of bacteria that includes |
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| Eschericia, Salmonella, Vibrio and Heliobacter |
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| Proteobacteria are defined by |
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| Ribosomal RNA sequences |
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| Myxobacteria |
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| Unique group of bacteria that can aggregate to form fruiting bodies |
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| Hyphomicrobiacea |
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| Have at least 1 of 3 distinguishing features: prostheca Stalk Reproduction by budding |
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| Prostheca |
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| Extension of cell, including plasma membrane (alive) |
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| Stalk |
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| Nonliving appendage produced by cell and extending from it |
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| Reproduction by budding |
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| Progeny cell is a bud that first appears as a small protrusion on a parent cell and enlarges to form a mature cell |
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| Hyphomicrobiacea |
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| Genus of bacteria that have prosthecate and produce by budding. They are aerobic autotrophs that grow on ethanol, acetate and one carbon molecules. Facultative methylotroph. Frequently attach to solid objects in aquatic and terretrial environments. Constitute up to 25% of total bacterial population in oligotrophic (nutrient poor) freshwater habitats |
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| Alpha proteobacteria |
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| An order of bacteria |
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| Caulobacterales |
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| Gram -, bacillus, motile, have stalk, lack intracellular organs. Found in aquatic environments attached to particulate matter (use stalk to hold on). Asymmetrically divides producing two structurally and functionally different daughter cells. 2-3 um |
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| Rhizobium |
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| Genus of bacteria that are motile, gram -, alpha proteobacteria, nitrogen fixators, live on plant roots |
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| Rhizosphere |
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| Home of rhizobium. Gaseous environment found at the end of the smallest plant root hairs |
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| Agrobacterium |
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| Genus of bacteria that do not stimulate nodule formation or fix nitrogen. Grows in the middle of the plant root hair and forms aggregates. |
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| Agrobacterium tumefaciens |
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| Causative organism of crown gall disease in dicotyledonous plants |
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| Nitrifying bactera of the class alphaproteobacteria |
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| Bradyrhizobiaceae |
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| Nitrifying bactera of the class betaproteobacterua |
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| Nitrosomonadaceae |
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| Nitrification |
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| The process of converting ammonia to first nitrite and then nitrate. |
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| Nitrosomonas |
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| Ammonium to nitrite |
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| Nitrobacter |
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| Nitrite to nitrate |
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| Purple nonsulfur bacterua |
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| Found in mud and water of lakes and ponds with abundant organic matter and low sulfide levels. Include Rhodospirillum and azospirillum. |
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| Cellulat cysts |
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| Resting cells resistant to desixxation but less tolerant of heat and UV than endospores. Made in respponse to nutrient limitation. Have thick outer coat and store polyhydroxybutyrate |
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| Acetobacter |
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| Genus of bacteria characterized by the ability to convert ethanol to acetic acid in the presence of O2. Used commercially to convert ethanol in wine to acetic acid producing vinegar) |
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| Rhodospirillales |
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| An order of proteobacter with 2 families: acetobacteraceae (heterotrophic produce acetic acid during respiration) and rhodospirillaceae (purple non sulfur bacteria use photosynthesis) |
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| Wolbachia |
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| Species of gram - bacteria that obtain nutrients through symbiotic relationship. Host makes amino acids and vitamins for Wolbachia and the host makes metabolic coenzymes that the host doesn't have. |
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| Rickettsia |
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| Genus of bacteria that uses binary fission. Contains DNA and RNA. Cell wall has peptidoglycan. Difficult to grow (needs to be grown inside living cell). Easy to kill with disinfectants. Discovered by Howard Taylor Ricketts who was looking for the cause of RMSF |
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| What are some common features of Rickettsia and Coxiella? |
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| Bacillus shaped coccoid or pleomorhphic. Gram - cell walls. No flagella. Very small. |
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| Pathogenesis of a Rickettsia |
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| Enters host by phagocytosis-> escapes phagosome -> reproduces in cytoplasm -> host cell burst |
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| Pathogenesis of a Coxiella |
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| Enters host by phagocytosis. -> Remains in phagosome -> Reproduces in phagolysosome -> Host cell bursts |
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| Mitochondria are phylogenically related to what species of bacteria? |
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| Ricketssia prowazekii |
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| Mitochondria were believed to colonize primordial eukaryotic cells without the ability to do what? |
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| Use oxygen |
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| Theory on why mitochondria organism became an intracellular organelle |
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| Increase in ambient oxygen tension in Earth's atmosphere approximately 2 billion years ago. |
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| Coxiella Burnetti |
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| Gram-, cause Querry Fever, easily killed by heat but not as easily killed as Rickettsia. Stable outside the host cell. Pleomorhphic. |
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| Host |
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| Organism where largest numbers occur |
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| Reservoir |
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| Species that maintains the organism during periods of low infectivity |
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| Vecter |
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| Species that moves the pathogen around |
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| Ricketssia rickettsii |
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| Causes RMSF Wild rabbits, dogs, sheep, rodents |
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| Rickettsia conori |
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| Causes Boutonneuse Fever Ticks, Dogs, rodents Mediterranean |
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| Rickettsia Tsutsugamushi |
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| Causes scrub typhus. (Tsutsugamushi fever) Thrombiculed mites, rodents Asia, Pacific islangs, Australia |
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| Ricketssia siberia |
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| Siberian Tick Typhus |
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| Coxiella burnetti causes |
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| Q Fever (Nine mile fever) |
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| Typical rickettsial disease occurs when |
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| Insect blood meal (Local first then systemic) Blockage of venules -> thrombus Incubation period is 1-4 weeks Prodrome: headache, chills, fever Syndrome: Hemorrhagic rash, shock, toxins |
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| Ehrlichiaceae |
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| Genus of bacteria that causes the tick-borne disease Ehrlichiosis. Acts as a vetinary pathoge. Also causes Sennetsu fever or Ehrlichia sennetsu which is characterized by swollen lymph nodes. |
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| Ehrlichiaceae (Description of actual bacteria) |
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| Are small gram - that invade WBC's. Appear as 1-3 um coci and divide to form vacuole bound colonies known as moralae |
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| Endosymbient |
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| Reside in bodies of other organisms |
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| Burkholderiales |
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| Consists of 4 families with 3 well known genera |
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| Burkholderia |
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| Gram -, non-spore forming, straight bacilli. Most are motile with single flagellum or tuft of polar flagella. Aerobic and mesophilic. Nonfermentative chemoorganotrophs. |
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| Burkholderia cepacia |
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| Degrades more than 100 organic molecule. Recycles organic material. Plant pathogen. Particular problem for cystic fibrosis patients |
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| Burkholderia and Ralstonia are both |
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| Nitrogen fixators that form symbiotic associations with legumes. Related to rhizobia |
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| Family Alcaliginaceae includes what important genera? |
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| Bordetella (gram - coccobacilli. capsulated aerobic chemoorganotrophs. require sulfur and amino acids. mammalian parasites that multiply in respiratory epithelial cells. |
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| Sphaeroticus and Lepothrix |
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| Can be found in aquatic environments that contain sufficient amounts of organic matter.Live in waste water treatment plants. Have a sheath. (hollow tubelike structure surrounding a chain of cells) helps in attachment to surfaces, obtaining nutrients from slowly running water and protection against predators |
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| Thibacillus |
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| Found in soil and quatic habitats. Produce sulfuric acid that can cause corrosion of concrete and metal. Increase sulfur fertility by releasing sulfur |
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| Methylophiales |
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| Aerobic gram - bacillis that appear singularly and in chains. Use methanol, glucose, fructose and methylamines as sole carbon and energy source. |
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| Neisseria |
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| Nonmotile, gram - cocci. Appear in pairs with adjacent sides flattened. Aerobic chemoorganotrophs. Oxidase and catalse positive. Inhabitants of mucous membranes of mammales. |
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| Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
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| Causes gonorrhea |
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| Neisseria meningitidis |
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| Meningitis |
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| Yersinia pestis |
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| Causes black death |
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| Gamma proteobacteria include what important families? |
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| Legionellales, Enterobacteriales, Pseudomonadales, Pasteurellales |
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| Legionellales family includes what 2 genera? |
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| Coxiella Legionella |
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| Legionella pneumophilia |
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| Causes Legionnaire's disease |
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| Methylococcales contains |
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| 1 family- Methylococcaceae and 7 morphologically diverse genera |
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| Methane oxidation |
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| Occurs in complex arrays of intracellular membranes. Methane is oxidized to methanol and then to formaldehyde (which can be made into cellular material). Electrons donated to electron transport chain for ATP synthesis. |
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| The genus Methylococcus converts methane into |
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| Formaldehyde -> Fructose-6-phosphate -> Ribulose-5-phosphate |
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| Pasteurellales contains |
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| 1 family pasteurellaceae and 6 genera |
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| Pasteurella multicida causes |
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| Fowl cholera |
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| Pasteurella haemolytica causes |
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| Pneumonia in cattle, sheep and goats |
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| Haemophilus influenzae causes |
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| A variety of diseases including meningitis in children |
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| Pseudomonas |
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| Genus of gram -, straight or slightly curved bacilli. Chemoorganotrophs with respiratory metabolism. Use O2 and sometimes nitrate as electron acceptor. Have TCA cycle. Degrade many organic molecules. Mineralization |
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| Mineralization |
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| Microbial breakdown of organic materials to inorganic materials |
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| Azobacter is found |
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| In soil and water |
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| Order Thiotrichales contains |
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| 3 families Beggiatoa Thiomargarita |
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| Vibrionales contain 1 family |
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| Vibrionaceae which contains 8 genera. Oxidase and glucose positive. Most species are aquatic. Some are symbiotic in the luminous organs of fish |
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| Vibrio cholerae causes |
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| Asiatic cholera. Has 2 circular chromosomes. Copies of genes are present on both chromsomes and the genome has been sequenced. |
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| Virbrio parahemolyticus causes |
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| Causes gastroenteritis |
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| Vibrio fischeri |
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| Capable of bioluminescence. Emit light catalyzed by luciferase |
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| Xanthomonadales contains what two genera? |
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| Stenotrophomonas Xanthomonas |
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| Stenotrophomonas maltophiin |
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| Widely distributed in the environment including soil milk and water. Naturally resistant to many antimicrobials. Does not cause disease in healthy patients. May cause bacteremia, endocarditis, and pneumonia in ICP's assisted breathing |
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| Delta Proteobacteria contain |
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| 8 orders and 20 families Divided into 2 groups. Aerobic and chemoorganotrophic predators |
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| The orders Desulfovibrionales, Desulfobacterales and Desulfuromonadales are |
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| Strict anaerboes, sulfur or sulfate reducing and widespread in mud and sediment of aquatic environment including sewage treatment plants |
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| The order Myxococcus contains |
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| 5 families that are gram - bacilli that glide. Exhibit the most complex bacterial life cycle of all prokaryotes. Are aerobic chemoorganotrophs with respiratory metabolism |
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| Myxobacteria are |
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| Nutrient procurrent via gliding across a substrate (decaying leaf, animal ding, colonies of other bacteria) Pick up nutrients as they glide. |
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| Fruiting body formation |
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| Requires gliding motility at least. When nutrients are present myxobacteria cells will grow vegetatively. When nutrients become depleted, a complex exchange of extracellular signaling molecules triggers the cells to form aggregates which form fruiting bodies. |
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| What happens after the fruiting body forms? |
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| The form resting myxospores that will not germinate until nutrients become available. |
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| Myxospores are enclosed in walled structures known as |
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| Sporangioles |
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| What type of bacteria are the smallest bacteria? |
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| Epsiolon proteobacteria |
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| Bdelv. bacteriovorus |
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| Pimarily found in ocean water, freshwater, sewage soil and the intestines of animals. It preys on other bacteria. Known as a living antibiotic because they eat human pathogens. Gram -, motile bacilli. Has sheathed flagella. |
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| Bdelv. bacteriovorus degrades |
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| products of the host's proteins and nucleic acids. |
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| Life cycle of Bdelv. bacteriovorus includes (takes 3-4 hours) |
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| Attachment to host's outer membrane by a hook-like extension. (which breaks down outer cell wall by release of enzymes). Penetration into periplasm and repai of damage done to the cell membane. Once inside periplasm it releases hydrolytic enzymes into host cytoplasm which makes host cell leaky increasing Bdelv's food supply. Grows and exhausts resources in host cell and divides into up to 15 motile cells. Finally the host cell lyses and releases new Bdelv. bacteria. |
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| Bdelv bacteriovorus is useful in purification of water becasuse |
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| It decreases gram - bacterial counts. |
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| Epsiolon proteobacteria includes campylobacterales which includes |
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| Camplyobacter and helicobacter |
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| Camplyobacter fetus causes |
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| Causes reproductive disease and abortions in cattle and sheep. Septicemia in humans |
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| Camplyobacter jejuni causes |
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| Abortions in sheep. Enterites in humans |
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| Helicobacter contains |
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| 14 species isolated from stomachs and upper intestines of humans, dogs, cats and other mammals |
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| Helicobacter produce large quantities of what? That is associated with what? |
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| Large quantities of urease which (urea hydrolysis) is associated with virulence |
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| Helicobacter pylori causes |
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| Gastritis and peptic ulcer disease |
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| Low G + C Gram + Bacteria are also known as |
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| Firmicutes |
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| Characteristics of Low G + C Gram + (Firmicutes) |
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| Gram +, some have no cell wall. Some make endospores |
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| Class Bacilli |
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| Large group of gram pos bacteria 2 order- bacillus and lactobacillales |
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| Type species |
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| For every genus there is a templar that is the most common |
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| Bacillus subtilus |
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| Used as a model organism for cellular differentiation, division and other processes. One of first to be sequenced. May have more than 10 integrated prophages or remarks of prophages. (Bacterial virus' nucleic acid) |
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| Bacillus cereus |
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| Causative organism of food poisoning |
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| Bacillus anthracis |
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| Anthrax |
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| Bacillus thurigiensis and Bacillus sphaericus |
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| Used ad insecticide. Have parasporal bodies that have a solid protein crystal that contains toxins |
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| Many bacilli can use what as carbon sources? |
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| Complex biopolymers from plants and animals, sugars, amino acids or hydrocarbons as carbon sources. (Some species capable of antibiotic production, nitrogen fixation, dentrification, iron precipitation, selenium or maganese oxidation and chemolithoautotrophic growth have been isolated) |
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| Staphylococcus epiermidis |
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| Forms white,small colonies on agar and is normally a non-pathogenic inhabitant of human skin and mucous membranes. can be responsible for endocarditis and for infections in wounds, surgical infections, UTI's and ICP's. |
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| Staphylococcus aureus |
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| Found in nasal GI tract. Forms larger, yellow colonies that are often associated with pathogenic infections including sties. boils, pimples, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, meningitis and arthritis. Produces coaguluase (virulence factor) and alpha hemolysin |
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| Thermoactinomyces |
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| Currently classified as actionomycete. In order Bacillales, family thermoactinomycetaceae. Found in hot environments like compost piles |
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| Caryophanon |
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| Disk shaped cells found in cow dung |
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| Family Staphylococcaceae |
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| 4 Generea. All facultative anaerobes, nonmotile, gram + cocci. Common parasites of animals and some strains cause serious disease |
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| Major habitats of staphylococcus |
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| SKin, skin glands, mucoud membranes (in mammals and birds) also have been isolated from oil contaminated trophical soil, growing on naphthalene |
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| Sth. aureus is a major cause of |
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| Food poisoning |
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| Antimicrobial resistant staphylococci are resistant to |
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| Methicillin and vancomycin the last resort drug. |
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| Which staphylococci is most antimicrobial resistant due to its high virulence factor? |
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| Sth aureus |
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| Listeria |
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| Gram + bacilli, usually short. motile by peritrichous flagella. Non-capsule. Non-spore. Aerobic or facultative aerobes |
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| Some species of Listeria can multiply where? |
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| Inside phagocytic cells |
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| What is the Listeria mode of entry into a phagocytic cell? |
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| Zipper mechanism- spreads directly from cell to cell by actin-based intracellular movemements. |
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| Listeria contain a large number of transport proteins and many transcriptional regulators but usually do not contain |
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| PLasmids and tranposons |
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| Listeria monocytogenes |
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| Infects humans and animals causing meningitis in adults and, sepsis, prepostnatal infections and abortions |
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| All members of the class Clostridia are |
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| Anaerobic, gram +, swollen endospore forming only in anaerbic conditions. (anaerobic versions of the genus bacillus) Energy producers |
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| Clostridium coccoides |
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| Only low G + C gram pos bacteria that are not curved |
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| Clostridum have a fermentative metabolism that allows them to |
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| Ferment amino acids using sticklad reaction. Perform oxidation of one amino acid using another as an electron acceptor Ferment products responsible for unpleasant odors |
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| Clost. botulinum |
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| Causes food spoilage (especially canned foods) botulism |
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| Clost. tetani |
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| Causes tetanus |
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| Clost. perfringens |
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| Causes gas gangrene |
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| Clost. acetobutlyicum |
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| Helps manufacture of butanol |
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| Desulfomaculatum |
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| Anaerobic, endospore formin, reduce sulfate and sulfite to h2S during anaerobic respiration. Stain gram - but electron micropgraph shows that it has a gram + cell wall |
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| Heliobacterium |
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| Have photosystems similar to green sulfur bacteria. |
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| Veilonella |
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| Gram negative cocci but are placed in the order clostridiales. Have complex nutritional requirements 0.3-2.5um big size fange |
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| What makes veilonella different from staphylococcus? |
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| The fact that they are anaerobic and gram negative cocci |
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| Veilonella serve ad parasites for |
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| Humans, ruminants (sheep, cow, anything that chews grass) Rodents Pigs |
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| Ruminococcus |
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| Non-motile, coccoid anerobic bacteria that obtain nutrients by breaking down celllulose that comes through the digestive system of the host organism |
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| Lactobacilli (aka lactic acid bacteria) |
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| Order consisting of usually straight bacilli often in pairs or chains, nonsporing, usually nonmotile, fermentative (carbs), cytochrome lacking (no electron transport), gram +, almost all energy comes from the fermentation of glucose. |
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| When do lactobacillli produce lactate? |
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| During homolactic fermentation about 85-90% of all carbs are converted to lactic acid. Generate ATp by subtrate level phosphorylation |
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| Lactobacillus |
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| Largest genus in the order lactobacillales. Grow best in acidic conditions 30-40 C (4.5-6.4) Associated with plant herbage (leaf portion) Have glycolytic pathway, dairy products, meat, water, sewage, beer |
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| Lactobacilli are port of the GI microflora. Which lactobacilli is the most common? |
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| Lactobacillus gusseri |
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| Lactobacillus are most commonly associated with |
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| Fermented vegetable products (sauerkraut, pickles etc) and fermented beverages (Beer, wine etc) Sour dough bread Swiss cheese Yogurt Sausage Spoilage of beer, milk and meat |
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| Lactobacilli produce lactic acid which is essential for |
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| GI tract establishment |
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| Which Lactobacilli are considered to have probiotic use? |
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| Lactobacillus and acidophilus (probiotics, such as bifidobacterium and yeasts, are live microorganisms that are ingested that may beneficially effect a host by improving the balance of intestinal microflora) |
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| Leuconostoc |
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| Genus of facultative gram + cocci that carry out heterolactic fermentation via phosphoketolase pathway. Produce acetic acid which is useful in the production of sauerkraut, pickles, butter, wine and cheeses. Involved in food spoilage, can tolerate high carb concentrations and will grow in heavy syrup |
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| Streptococcus |
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| Genus of nonmotile, facultative anaerobes that are capable of homolactic fermentation. Inhabit the GI tract of humans. |
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| Streptococcus pyrogenes |
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| Cause strept throat |
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| Streptococcus mutans |
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| Consumes sucrose and produces amino acid creating cavities. |
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| Enterococci |
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| Normal resident flora of the GI tract. Primarily found in feces. Related to bacillus and listeria species |
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| Enterococci can cause what in humans? |
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| Diarrhea in humans. Some strains have become resistant to all antibiotics including vancomysin. Serious problem for ICP's and those who have underlying health conditions |
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| Streptococcus pyogenes |
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| Causes streptococcal sore throat, acute glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever |
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| Streptococcus pneumonia |
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| Causative organism lobar pneumonia and otitis media |
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| Enterococcus faecalis |
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| Oppurtunistic pathogen (UTI's and endocarditis) |
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| Lactoccocus lactis |
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| Assists in the production of buttermilk |
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| Class Mollicutes |
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| Consists of 5 orders and 6 families. Lack cell walls and are pleomorphic. They can't make peptidoglycan precursors and are penicillin resistant. Most nonmotile, some gliding motility. Smallest bacteria capable of self-reproduction (outside of another cell) |
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| Mycoplasma |
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| (Mollicutes)Reproduce by binary fission but cytoplasmic division may lag behind the genetic material replication making the mycoplasma appear to go through filamentous processes. Gram neg cocci or bacilli. No shape due to lack of cell wall. Smallest organism to be cultured on cell free media |
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| How many genes do mycoplasma have? |
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| Less than 1000. Smallest amount of any prokaryote |
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| PPO |
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| Pleuro Pneumonia organism. Primary pathogens of cows, sheep and goats |
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| PPLO |
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| Pleuro pneumonia like organism (old name for mycoplasma) isolated from dogs, pigs, rodents, birds and sewage |
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| L Forms |
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| Wall-less form (organisms that have temporarily lost their cell walls) Gram neg osmotically fragile and pleomorphic. Cell wall fragments. Replicte (with typical colonial morphology). Turn into bacterial phase |
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| Bacterial phase |
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| Normal cell wall. Can be gram pos or neg. Goes next into transitional phase variant |
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| Transitional Phase Variant |
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| Gram variable, pleomorphic, variable amount of cell wall material, unstable in culture. Can become sheroplasts or protoplasts |
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| Spheroplast |
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| Gram neg, cell wall fragments, spherical, non replicating. Can either turn into protoplasts or go straight to the L-form |
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| Protoplast |
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| Gram neg, no cell wall fragments, very osmotically fragile/pleomorphic, non replicating. Go straight to L-form |
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| Mycoplasma can't turn into what type of bacteria? |
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| Walled bacteria |
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| What is the most efficient stain to use when observing mollicutes or mycoplasma? |
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| Dienes stain |
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| What may mycoplasma contain in stage II growth |
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| Filaments, making them appear as fungi. |
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| Mycoplasma are the smallest organisms to |
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| Be cultured on cell free media. (0.2-0.9um) |
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| Mycoplasma takes in what from the environment and incorporates it into its lipid bi-layer? |
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| Cholesterol |
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| What is the net surface charge of a mycoplasmal membrane |
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| Negative |
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| Plasticity |
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| Ability to change shape |
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| Pleomorphism |
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| Multiple shapes |
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| T-strains |
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| Tiny mycoplasma that replicate by budding and branching. Result form predictable metabolic metabolic deficiencies. Can't degrade accumulating NH4 |
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| Mycoplasma can cause what? What is the incubation time? |
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| Walking pneumonia 2-3 weeks |
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| What are some symptoms of walking pneumonia? |
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| Fever, headache, malaise, persistent non-productive hacking cough. Respiatory symptoms appear somewhat later and persist for several weeks. Pharyngitis Chills Sweating Otitis media Pulmonary infiltration |
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| Walking pneumonia WBC count, RBC count and Sed rate |
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| WBC- normal then decreased. Slightly neutrophilic. Lymphs in infiltrate RBC- Normal then decreased. Hemolytic anemia Sed rate- Decreased |
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| If media contains sulfate polysaccharides what effect will it have on mycoplasma? |
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| It will inhibit them Media can be overcome with DEAE Dextron Solid media should be less than 1.5% agar |
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| Streptococcus MG |
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| Used to rule in Mycoplasma Pneumonia |
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| Mycoplasmal epidemiology |
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| In U.S. and Canada mycoplasma is common in late winter and summer. Epidemics occur every 4-8 years. Spread by close contact via aerosolized droplets |
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| Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae |
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| First isolated by Koch in 1876. Causes Erysipeloid Insidiosa- a self-limiting disease |
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| Erysipeloid Insidiosa |
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| Characterized by red to purple lesions with smooth shiny surfaces. Lesions may expand into tiny blisters. May be warm and tender causing pain or burning. Occur most often on the hands, webs of fingers, forearms or any other exposed area of the body |
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| Erysipelothrix |
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| Genus of non-motile, gram pos, nonsporulating, facultative anaerobe bacillus. Growth impaired by CO2. Occur in short chains, pairs. Enters host through scratches or puncture wounds on the surface of the skin. |
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| Propionibacterium |
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| Causative organism of acne |
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| Actinobacteria are a |
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| Phylum that contain: 1 class- Actinobacteria 5 subclasses 6 orders 14 suborders 44 families |
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| Actinomycineae |
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| A suborder of actinobacteria that are gram pos, found in soil, decompose organic material (important role), replenish nutrient supply in soil, important part of humus formation. Few pathogens, most aerobic, most nonmotile |
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| Actinomycineae developm filamentous cells known as what? |
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| Hyphae |
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| How do actinomycineae grow? |
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| They can either grow on a substrate or into it to produce a substrate mycelium. Some can form aerial mycelium that extend above substratum |
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| An aerial mycelium forms expospores known as |
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| Sporangiospores if they are located in a sporagium |
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| How can you distinguish actinomycineae? |
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| Using morphology and color of the mycelium and sporangia Surface features and arrangement of spores %GC in DNA Cell membrane phospholipid compostion Heat resistance of spores |
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| Actinomyces |
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| Genus that contains straight or slightly curved bacilli and slender filaments with true branching. May have swollen, clubbed or clavate ends Facultative or obligate aerobes Require CO2 for best grouwth Normal flora of mucosal surfaces of humans and other animals |
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| Act. bovis |
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| Causes lumpy jaw in cattle |
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| Act. israeli |
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| Anaerobic and most important human pathogen |
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| Micrococcus |
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| Genus of aerobic, catalase-pos bacilli that occur in pairs, tetrads or irregular clusters. Usually non motile Often pigmented yello, orange or red |
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| Arthrobacter |
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| Genus of aerobic, catalase pos bacilli that possess respiratory metabolism (Lysine in peptidoglycan |
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| Corynebacteriaeae |
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| Suborder of bacteria containing 7 families of gram pos bacilli that turn into gram neg |
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| Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
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| Etological agent of diaphtheria and upper respiratory disease mainly affecting children. Facultatively anaerobic Highly contagious by physical contact or breathing the aerosolized secretions of infected individuals |
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| Corynebacteria |
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| Small, nonmotile, gram pos, internal dark staining beads with metachromatic granules, non-sporulating. Have club-like ends, are pleomorphic and chemoorganotrophs. isolated from soil, water, blood and human skin |
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| Corynebacteria are fastidious they grow |
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| Slowly on enriched medium. due to their division cells often lie in clusters resembling Chinese letters. "Snapping division". |
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| Mycobacterium forms a family with |
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| Nocardia and Rhodococcus |
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| Mycobacterium |
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| Subject of research, 56 species now recognized. No branching, aerobic, nonsporing, acid-fast. can be fastidious and take 2 years to develop in culture. Neither gram pos or gram neg. naturally resistant to anti c.w. antibodies. Msost susceptible to clarithromycin and rifamycin. Some antibiotic resistant strains are known to exist. |
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| Myco. leprae |
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| Takes more than 20 days to proceed through one division cycle |
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| Mycobacterium cell wall contains |
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| Outer lipids, mycolic acid, polysaccharides, peptidoglycan, plasma membrane and lipoarbinomannan |
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| Mycobacterium can colonize the host without |
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| The host showing any adverse signs. Infections are very hard to treat due to their cell wall. |
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| DR |
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| Drug resistant |
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| MDR |
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| Multi drugresistant |
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| XDR |
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| Extremely drug resistant |
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| What are ureaplasma inhibited by? |
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| Thalliuma acetate Hydroxyurea Erythromycin Lincomycin |
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| What color are urease colonies on MgSO4 |
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| Finely granular and brown due to urease activity |
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| Ureaplasma can cause |
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| NGU (Not caused by gonnahrea ureathritis) Chromosomal aberations (Lymphocytes) UTI's from adsportion on sperm |
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| What are some factors that strengthen the mycoplasmal ultrastructure? |
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| Unsaturated fatty acids Polyvalent cations Low temps Factors that weaken cell surface such as lipid solvents, alcohols, lipid emulsifiers, bio salts |
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| Mycoplasma bioenergetics |
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| Chemoorganotrophs. SOme produce ATP by glycolysis and lactic acid fermentation. Some catabolize amino acids |
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| Growth requirements of mycoplasma |
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| 10% horse serum 20-30% ascites fluid |
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| Under proper growth conditions mycoplasma form |
answer
| Unbonate colonies with dense c3enters and fringe pero=iphery, fried egg colonies that are very small |
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| Myco. penetrans |
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| Proposed as human pathogen and possible cofactor in HIV infection |
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| Myco. mycoides |
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| Cause bovine pleuropneumoni in cattle |
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| Myco gallispeticum |
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| Can cause chronic respiratory issues in pigs or chickens |
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| Myco hominis |
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| Causes pyelonephritis, pelvic inflammatory disease and postpartum fever |
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| Myco genitalium |
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| Originally isolated from ureathral specimens of 2 men with nongonococcal urethritis |
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| Myco. pneumoniae |
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| Cause of primary atypical pneumonia |
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| What are two mycobacterial substrates? |
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| Carbs Organic acids |
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| What is the genome size of myco leprae? |
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| 3.2 Mbp |
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| What is the genome size of myco tuberculosis? |
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| 4.4. Mbp |
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| Slow growing strains of mycoplasma have how many copies of the rRNA gene? |
answer
| 1 |
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| Fast growing strains of mycoplasma have how many copies of the rRNA gene? |
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| 2 |
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| What is the genome size of E. coli? |
answer
| 7 |
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| Mycoplasma can cause |
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| Tuberculosis Hansen's disease |
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| Chlamydia |
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| Genus of nonmotile, coccoid, gram neg bacteria (cell walls lack muramic acid and peptidoglycan) DOn't have genes for SLP, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation |
question
| Instead of muramic acid and peptidoglycan in their cell walls, Chlamydia have |
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| Outer liposaccharide and cystein rich proteins |
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| Chlamydia develop how? |
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| Formation of elementary body and reticulate body or initial body. Growth occurs in spurts possibly due to awaiting for the host cell to make sufficient ATP |
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| Elementary bodies are |
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| 0.3um and act as a rigid cell wall. They are relatively resistant to sonification and adapted for extracellular survival. Infectious if it comes in contact with bird or mammal cell. Bioenergetically dormant. |
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| Reticulate body |
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| The elementary bodies of chlamydia convert to reticulate bodies (initial body) 0.5-1.0um Acts as a fragile cell wall that is sensitive to sonification and can be lysed by trypsin. They are adapted for intracellular growth. Not infectious. Have biosynthetic capabilities if they have the right precursors they can make amino acids |
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| Chlamydia acts as an energy parasite, obtaining ATP from |
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| The host because it can't make its own |
question
| What organism can cause Blennorrhea which is an eye infection |
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| Chlamydia |
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| Chlam. trachomatis |
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| Infects humans and mice. Causes trachoma, nongonococcal urethritis: NGU, and other diseases in humans. |
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| Chlam. pscittaci |
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| Infects humans and many other animals. Causes psittacosis in humans |
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| Chlam. pneumoniae |
answer
| A common cause of human pneumonia |
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| Phylum Spirochaete |
answer
| 1 Class, 1 Order- Spirochaetales, 3 Genera. Spirochaetales- Borrelia, Leptospira, Treponema |
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| Spirochaete |
answer
| Gram-negative bacteria with distinctive structure and motility. Slender, long with flexible helical shape. Creeping motility due to structure called axial filament. |
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| Where can spirochaetes be found? |
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| Hindguts of termites. Digestive tracks of mollusks and mammals.Oral cavities of animals. |
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| Genus Spirochaeta |
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| Long spirals, freee living and found sometimes in sewage treatment |
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| Genus critispira |
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| Mollusk parasites 1-3um x 30-120um spirals. |
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| Trep. denticola, Trep. oralis |
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| Found in the human oral tract |
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| Trep. pallidum |
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| Found in syphilis Obligate parasite |
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| Genus Borrelia |
answer
| 0.2 x 3-20um spirals. |
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| Borrelia. recurrentis |
answer
| Causative organism of relapsing fever |
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| Borrelia burgdorferi |
answer
| Causative organism of Lyme disease. |
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| Borrelia vincentii |
answer
| Causative organism of trench mouth |
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| Genus Leptospira (Leptospiraceae) |
answer
| 0.1 x 6-24um spirals. |
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| Leptospira ictohemorrhagiae |
answer
| Causative organism of Weil's Disease and infectious jaundice |
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| Fibrobacters |
answer
| Fiber digesting bacteria and are sometimes associated with the GIT of horses. |
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| Fibrobacter intestinalis |
answer
| Montgomery et al. 1988. |
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| Fibrobacter succinogenes |
answer
| With subspecies elongatus corrig |
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| Fibrobacter succinogenes |
answer
| With subspecies succinogenes |
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| Class Bacteroides |
answer
| Gram negative bacilli of various shapes.Do NOT form endospores. Motile (Peritrichous flagella) or nonmotile. Anaerobic chemoheterotrophs, Fermentative. Often found in oral cavity and intestinal tract of humans and other animals and rumen. Often benefit host by degrading complex carbohydrates, providing extra nutrition to host. May be up to 30% of bacteria from human feces. Some cause disease. |
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| Genus Bacteroides |
answer
| Outnumbers E. coli in human GIT 100:1 to 1000:1 |
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| Class Sphingobacteria |
answer
| Morphologically diverse. Often have sphingolipids in cell walls. Many are motile by gliding motility. Most are free living; some are pathogenic in vertebrate hosts. |
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| Class Cytophaga |
answer
| Slender bacilli, often with pointed ends. Aerobic metabolism. Degrade complex polysaccharides: cellulose, chitin, pectin, keratin, agar, etc. Play major role in mineralization of organic material. Significant component of bacterial population in sewage treatment plants. Most are free-living; some are pathogenic in vertebrate hosts. |
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| Cytophaga columnaris |
answer
| Pathogen of fish |
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| Class Flexibacter |
answer
| Long, flexible threadlike cells when young. Colonies are often yellow to orange due to production of carotenoid or flexirubin pigments. Unable to use complex polysaccharides |
question
| Gliding Motility |
answer
| Fruiting and nonfruiting aerobic chemoheterotrophs. Cyanobacteria, green non-sulfur bacteria, at least two gram-positive genera. Cells leave slime trail as glide along, can be very rapid Motility often lost with age Low nutrient levels usually stimulate gliding |
question
| Gliding mechanism unknown but when does it occur? |
answer
| It occurs when cells in contact with solid surface |
question
| What does the gliding mechanism do? |
answer
| It enables cells to encounter insoluble nutrient sources and digest them will cell bound digestive enzymes It also allows cells to position themselves optimally for light intensity, oxygen, h2S, temp, etc. |
question
| When does gliding motility work best? |
answer
| It works well in drier habitats (soil, sediments, rotting wood, etc.) |
