micro ch 15 – Flashcards
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Which does NOT contribute to the ability of the epidermis to act as a nonspecific defense?
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constant presence of T cells
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What is the role of goblet cells in the mucous membrane of the trachea?
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to secrete sticky mucus that traps pathogens
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How does sebum defend against bacteria?
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lowers skin pH, making it inhibitory for some bacteria
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What is the function of the lacrimal apparatus?
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to produce and drain away tears
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The first and second lines of defense against microbial invasion are part of :
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innate immunity
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Phagocytic cells in the epidermis known as ______ contribute to its ability to prevent invasion
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dendritic cells
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Which of the following cells increase in number during a helminth infection?
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eosinophils
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What do the nasal cavity, mouth, and urinary system have in common?
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they are lined with mucous membranes
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The surface of the skin serves as a barrier to microbial invasion in part because it is
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an acidic, high-salt environment
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Which of the following contributes to protecting the eyes from microbial invasion?
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tears contain lysozyme and salt and mechanically flush eye
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What is function of NK cells?
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they identify and poison viral-infected cells
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The complement cascade and its by-products contribute to
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triggering inflammation and attracting phagocytes
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Which of the following concerning alternative complement system is TRUE:
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its activation is independent of antibodies
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A monocyte leaves capillary in lungs and enters lung tissue. It matures to become a(n)
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alveolar macrophage
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Which of the following have granules in their cytoplasm that stain blue with methylene blue?
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basophils
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What type of white blood cell is shown
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lymphocyte
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Pus is dead ____________________
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neutrophils
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Which of the following is shared by the skin and mucous membranes?
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they are constantly shedding and replacing cells
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The phenomenon of _________ facilitates the binding of phagocyte pseudopodia to pathogens
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opsonization
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Wandering macrophages recognize microorganisms by means of
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TLRs and NOD proteins
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The ____ play a role in preventing neoplastic cells from progressing to cancer.
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NK cells
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Phagocytes can directly detect microbial molecules like LPS & peptidoglycan by means of _______
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toll-like receptors
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First line of defense may be describes as
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intact skin, mucous membranes, sebum, tears, etc
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Cells of 2nd line of defense that poison virus-infected cells are lymphocytes known as NK cells
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true
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The resident microbiota have no role in defense against pathogen invasion.
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false
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sweet can cause damage to bacteria because it contains salt and lysozyme
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true
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histamine is involved in inflammatory reactions
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true
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the growth of some microbes in inhibited by elevated body temperature
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true
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inflammation is an important part of the bodys first line of defense
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false
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the third line of defense against infecting microbes is called
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adaptive
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Sweat glands produce ________ which destroy the cell wall of bacteria.
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lysozyme
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The oily substance that lower pH of the skin's surface and in inhibitory to many bacteria
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sebum
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Blood stem cells in the bone marrow produce 3 different types of elements by a this process
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hematopoiesis
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Process known as ___brings a variety of physical, chemical & cellular factors to fight pathogen
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inflammation
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The proportion of _____, as determined by the WBC count, can serve as a sign of disease
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leukocytes
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Neutrophils primarily kill _____________ pathogens.
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bacterial
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Intact skin layers are part of the body's _______ line of defense against pathogens,
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first
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Some pathogens produce toxins, which function as ______________ to cause fever.
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pyrogens
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Which is NOT at way normal microbiota help protect the body from pathogens?
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they attack and kill pathogens
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How does the stomach pose a barrier to infection?
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very high acidic pH kills most potential pathogens
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_____________ carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
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erythrocytes
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Which of the following is true of macrophages?
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all are correct
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What is the role of the dendritic cell?
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phagocytize invading cells & activate adaptive immune system
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Term for process which pathogens are coated with antimicrobial proteins to enhance phagocytosis
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opsonization
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Which is NOT and outcome resulting from the activation of the complement system?
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generation of antibodies
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Protein molecules released by host cells that inhibit the spread of viral infections.
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interferons
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Which complement pathway activation acts in conjunction with the action of antibodies
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the classical pathway
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What is the function of the membrane attack complex?
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to form a circular hole in the membrane of the pathogen
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Which of the following statements is TRUE?
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chronic inflammation can lead to tissue damage and disease
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What is the name of the inflammatory mediator released by mast cells?
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histamine
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. What is the primary function of eosinophils?
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attach to and attack large pathogens, like parasitic worms
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Which of the following substances is/are responsible for the edema assoc. with inflammation.
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histamine
