Aseptic Means Flashcard Microbiology Example
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| A large percentage of antibiotics and semisynthetic drugs are produced by members of the genus |
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| Streptomyces. |
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| An antimicrobial that inhibits cell wall synthesis will result in cells becoming more susceptible to _____. |
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| osmotic pressure |
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| Beta-lactam antibiotics have an effect on ______? |
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| bacterial cells |
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| What is a primary advantage of semisynthetic drugs? |
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| They have a broader spectrum of action. |
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| Which drugs specifically target cell walls that contain arabinogalactan-mycolic acid? |
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| isoniazid |
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| Which antibiotics disrupt the cytoplasmic membrane function? |
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| amphotericin B |
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| What 4 things are targets of drugs that inhibit protein synthesis? |
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| 1.the shape of the 30S ribosomal subunit 2.the enzymatic site of the 50S ribosomal subunit 3.movement of the ribosome from one codon to the next 4.the tRNA docking site |
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| Which scientist coined the term antibiotic? |
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| Waksman |
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| The most limited group of antimicrobial agents is the ________ drugs. |
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| antiviral |
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| Another term for the Kirby-Bauer test is the? |
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| diffusion susceptibility test. |
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| zone of inhibition is measured as a ____? |
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| diameter |
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| What is a clearing zone with no growth? |
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| zone of inhibition |
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| What is a result of diffusion of the drug out of the paper disk? |
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| zone of inhibition |
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| zone of inhibition is _____ after incubation |
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| measured |
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| tetracyclinescan become incorporated into the ____ & _____ of a fetus. |
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| bones and teeth |
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| when antibiotic therapy disrupts the normal microbiota, which 2 things can occur? |
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| pseudomembranous colitis and thrush |
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| development of antibiotic resistance is often mediated by _____? |
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| R-plasmids. |
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| Resistant cells are normally in the ______ in a bacterial population |
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| minority |
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| New resistance genes can be gained through which three things? |
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| transformation, transduction, or conjugation. |
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| antibiotic resistance can occur through ______ of existing bacterial genes. |
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| mutation |
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| lactamase production is an example of which type of resistance? |
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| inactivation of the drug |
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| ______are an alternative to the use of chemotherapy involving microbial antagonism |
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| Probiotics |
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| Most drugs that inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall act by |
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| preventing the cross-linkage of NAM subunits. |
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| Most broad-spectrum antibiotics act by |
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| inhibiting protein synthesis. |
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| ______works by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis. |
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| fluconazole and turbinafine |
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| ______were the first widely used antimetabolic antimicrobial and indirectly inhibit nucleic acid synthesis |
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| Sulfonamides |
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| Which pathway is specifically inhibited by sulfonamides? |
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| the conversion of PABA to dihydrofolic acid |
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| quinolones drugs inhibit ______ synthesis specifically in ______? |
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| nucleic acid, prokaryotes |
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| The cooperative activity of drugs such as beta-lactam antibiotics and clavulanic acid,a ?-lactamase inhibitor, is known as |
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| synergism. |
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| Alterations in the structure of ______ are an important aspect of Gram-negative bacterial resistance to antimicrobial drugs? |
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| porins |
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| Why is it inappropriate to prescribe antibacterial agents to treat colds or flu? |
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| Because these diseases are caused by viruses. |
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| Who discovered the first widely available antibiotic? |
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| Domagk |
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| _______takes advantage of structural and/or metabolic differences between host and pathogen. |
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| Selective toxicity |
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| antisense nucleic acids are______that block protein synthesis by binding to the _____. |
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| Antimicrobials, mRNA are |
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| susceptibility and MIC are determined by which test? |
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| Etest |
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| Name four criterions by which all antimicrobial agents can be evaluated? |
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| 1.their spectrum of action 2.their efficacy 3.their route of administration 4.their safety |
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| Which 2 things interfere with cell wall synthesis by blocking alanine bridge formation? |
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| cycloserine and vancomycin |
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| Antimicrobial sugar analogs are effective for preventing ____? |
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| virus attachment. |
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| measurement associated with the broth dilution test? |
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| lack of turbidity |
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| Infection of the ________ would be the hardest to treat with antimicrobial drugs. |
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| brain |
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| Disruption of the normal microbiota can result in infections caused by which 3 microbes? |
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| 1.Candida albicans, 2.Mycobacterium 3.Clostridium difficile |
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| Polymyxin Amphotericin B |
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| Disruption ofcytoplasmic membranes |
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| Vancomycin Methicillin |
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| Inhibition of cell wall synthesis |
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| Tetracyclines Erythromycin |
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| Inhibition of protein synthesis |
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| Trimethoprim Sulfonamides |
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| Inhibition of metabolic pathways |
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| Ribavirin Quinolones |
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| Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis |
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| Did Paul Erhlich coin the term antibiotics for the "magic bullet" antimicrobials he pursued? |
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| No |
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| Antisense nucleic acids are designed to have ______ against humans. |
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| no side effects |
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| Beta-lactam drugs act by inhibiting formation of the cytoplasmic membrane. True or False |
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| False |
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| Because all cells engage in protein synthesis, there are few antimicrobial drugs that selectively inhibit this process. True or False |
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| False |
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| Many antimicrobial drugs that affect the cytoplasmic membrane are used only _____because they can be _____ to humans. |
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| externally,toxic |
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| Some bacterial cells are _____ to a variety of antimicrobials because they actively _____ the drugs out of the cell. |
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| resistant, pump |
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| Does the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria enable many antimicrobial drugs to enter the cell more easily? |
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| No |
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| If a subculture of an MIC test grows in an MBC test, will the concentration of the drug be bactericidal? |
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| No |
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| Brain and spinal cord infections are difficult to treat because most antimicrobial drugs cannot do what? |
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| diffuse out of the blood into these organs. |
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| Organs that are commonly affected by drug toxicity include what? |
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| kidneys and the liver. |
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| Any drug that acts against a disease is called a(n) ________ agent. |
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| chemotherapeutic |
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| ________ means that a given antimicrobial agent is more toxic to a pathogen than to the host being treated. |
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| Selective toxicity |
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| Antimicrobial agents that mimic the chemical structure of DNA building blocks are called ________. |
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| nucleotide analogs |
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| A(n) ________ drug is effective against a wide variety of pathogens. |
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| broad-spectrum |
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| ________ are serious secondary infections that result from the killing of the normal microbiota. |
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| Superinfections |
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| Competition between beneficial microbes and potential pathogens is called ________. |
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| microbial antagonism |
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| A(n) ________ concentration of a drug is one at which microbes survive but are not able to grow and reproduce. |
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| bacteriostatic |
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| Extrachromosomal pieces of DNA called ________ promote horizontal transfer of genes among bacteria and contribute to the spread of antimicrobial resistance. |
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| R-plasmids |
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| Some bacteria develop resistance to groups of drugs because the drugs are all structurally similar to eachother; this is a phenomenon known as ________. |
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| cross resistance |
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| ________ drugs are semisynthetic drugs developed to combat resistance against an existing drug. |
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| Second-generation |
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| Drugs that slow down bacterial growth would be ________ to penicillin. |
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| antagonistic |
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| External infections can be treated by ________ administration, in which a drug is applied directly to the site of infection. |
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| topical |
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| The abbreviation ________ stands for the smallest amount of a drug that will inhibit the growth and reproduction of a pathogen. |
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| MIC |
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| Antiviral medications frequently block unique ________ to prevent production of new virus. |
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| enzymes |
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| Praziquantel alters the cytoplasmic membrane permeability of ________. |
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| parasitic worms |
