question

Produces maintains and transports sperm cells

answer

Male reproductive system

question

Defense of male reproductive system

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flushing of urine

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Produces eggs in a 28 day cycle

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Female reproductive system

question

Mucus

answer

Defense of female reproductive system

question

Acidic pH of vagina

answer

Defense of female reproductive system

question

SIgA

answer

Defense of female reproductive system

question

Flushing action of urine

answer

Defense of urinary tract

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Shedding of epithelial cells lining the urinary tract

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Defense of urinary tract

question

Acidity of urine

answer

Defense of urinary tract

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Lysozyme and lactoferrin in urine

answer

Defense of urinary tract

question

SIgA

answer

Defense of urinary tract

question

Normal biota of the male urethra and genital tract

answer

Nonhemolytic Streptococci

question

Normal biota of the male urethra and genital tract

answer

Staphylococci

question

Normal biota of the male urethra and genital tract

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Corynebacteria

question

Normal biota of the male urethra and genital tract

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Lactobacillus

question

Only anatomic areas of normal flora of the female genital tract

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Anterior urethra and vagina

question

Flora of the vagina depends on these factors

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Age, pH, hormonal levels

question

Greatly influences normal flora of the vagina

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Estrogen

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In utero, the fetal vagina contains these bacteria

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None

question

How does a new born vagina acquire normal flora

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Hands of caregivers, infants feces

question

In the first six weeks of life estrogens are present in the infant vagina, what normal flora predominates

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Lactobacillus

question

In the absence of estrogen (pre puberty years) this bacteria is present as normal flora of the vagina

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Staphylococci

question

In the absence of estrogen (pre puberty years) this bacteria is present as normal flora of the vagina

answer

Streptococci

question

In the absence of estrogen (pre puberty years) this bacteria is present as normal flora of the vagina

answer

Enterobacteriaceae

question

After menarche (in the presence of estrogen) the vagina is dominated by this normal flora

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Lactobacillus

question

After menarche (in the presence of estrogen) the vagina is dominated by this normal flora

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Gram (+) and gram (-) anaerobes and facultative anaerobes

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After menopause (absence of estrogen) this bacteria decreases in numbers

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Lactobacillus

question

May lead to UTI's in the anterior urethra of a female

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Lactobacillus

question

May lead to UTI's in the anterior urethra of a female

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Streptococci

question

May lead to UTI's in the anterior urethra of a female

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Staphylococci

question

May lead to UTI's in the anterior urethra of a female due to fecal spread

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Enterobacteriaceae

question

May lead to UTI's in the anterior urethra of a female due to fecal spread

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Enterococcus

question

UTI infecting the bladder

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Cystitis

question

UTI infecting the kidney

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pyelonephritis

question

UTI infecting the urethra

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Urethritis

question

UTI leading to a burning pain with urination

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dysuria

question

Cloudy urine is consistent with presence of

answer

WBC

question

Orange urine is consistent with presence of

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RBC

question

Back pain is consistent with a UTI infecting this organ

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Kidney

question

If pyelonephritis is inadequately treated it can lead to

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Septicemia

question

Most common causative agent of UTI

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Escherichia coli

question

Catalase (+) causative agent of UTI

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Staphylococcus saprophyticus

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Urease (+) causative agent of UTI, member of Enterobacteriaceae

answer

Proteus mirabilis

question

Community acquired UTIs are usually a result of this form of transmission

answer

Endogenous

question

UTIs are more common in women than men do to this anatomical feature of the urethra

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Shorter length of female urethra

question

UTIs are more common in women than men do to the location of these anatomical structures

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Close proximity of anus and urethral opening

question

Recurrent UTIs in some women are do to E coli invading deeper tissues of the urinary tract allowing for this

answer

Avoidance of antibiotics

question

Most common nosocomial infection

answer

UTI

question

Treatment for UTI includes antibiotics plus ____ to control burning and urgency

answer

Pyridium

question

Bacteria causing Weils disease

answer

Leptospira interrogans

question

Long Gram -, spirochetes with hooked ends

answer

Leptospira interrogans

question

Invasion is via mucosa or broken skin, there is no lesion at site of entry, may lead to severe systemic disease

answer

Leptospira interrogans

question

Generalized infection may lead to systemic infection including: renal and hepatic failure, extensive vasculitis, myocarditis, and death. Invasion of CNS leads to meningitis

answer

Leptospira interrogans

question

Symptoms including fever with relapses, Jaundice may occur in severe cases with renal failure being the most common cause of death

answer

Leptospira interrogans

question

Worldwide zoonotic disease with a variety of hosts. Rodents (mainly rats) can shed the bacteria their entire lives through urine

answer

Leptospira interrogans

question

In the US rats, dogs, farm animals are the major source of human infection. Bacteria are discharged through urine and transmitted to humans via infected soil, water, and food

answer

Leptospira interrogans

question

Organisms can survive for months in water or wet soils, no person to person transmission has been documented

answer

Leptospira interrogans

question

Culture and microscopy are insensitive, main form of diagnosis is through microscopic agglutination using the patients serum and live bacteria

answer

Leptospira interrogans

question

Treatment includes antibiotics, there is a vaccine available but only targets specific strains used primarily for the military

answer

Leptospira interrogans

question

Vaginal itching, burning, inflammation

answer

Vaginitis

question

Vaginal itching, burning, discharge

answer

Vaginosis

question

Most common cause of vaginosis

answer

BV

question

Gram +, but appears gram -

answer

Gardnerella vaginalis

question

Increased prevalence indicates a role in BV but not a sole etiologic agent

answer

Gardnerella vaginalis

question

Gram +, thought to maintain acidic pH by metabolism of glucose

answer

Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus jensenii

question

In females with BV these bacteria are replaced by Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic flora

answer

Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus jensenii

question

No gram reaction, higher incidence in women with BV

answer

Mycoplasma hominis

question

Gram +, obligate anaerobe, very high incidence in women with BV

answer

Mobiluncus

question

Gram -, obligate anaerobe, higher incidence in women with BV

answer

Fusobacterium

question

This bacteria uses lactic acid production (low pH) and production of H2O2 (high oxidation-reduction) to inhibit overgrowth of less desirable anaerobic vaginal flora from causing vaginosis

answer

Lactobacillus

question

Product of Mobiluncas causing irritation of the mucus membranes

answer

Malic acid

question

Amines, malic acid, endotoxin, collagenases, proteases play a role in causing

answer

BV

question

This virulence factor of Mobiluncus and Gardnerella vaginalis increases with increasing pH

answer

Adherence

question

Not considered a sexually transmitted disease but is more common in women that are sexually active

answer

BV

question

Clinical diagnosis includes Vaginal fluid with pH>4.5, homogenous adherent discharge, fishy odor on 10% K (due to metabolic products), clue cells (obscure borders)

answer

BV

question

Gram stain diagnosis based on quantization of large gram + bacilli

answer

Lactobacillus

question

Gram stain diagnosis based on quantization of smaller gram -

answer

Gardnerella

question

Complications include pelvic inflammatory disease, adverse outcome of pregnancy (preterm birth, premature rupture of membranes, postpartum endometritis, cellulitis

answer

BV

question

Treatment includes metronidazole (PO, cream, lactate gel), clindamycin (cream),

answer

BV

question

Bacterial infection usually from intestinal tract, may be a consequence of a UTI

answer

Acute prostatitis

question

Often bacterial infection, sometimes not, cases do not respond to antibiotics and are thought to be of mixed populations of bacteria in biofilms

answer

Chronic prostatitis

question

Symptoms include pain: pelvic, back, genital, ejaculation. Frequent urge to urinate, blood in urine,

answer

Prostatitis

question

Gram -, cocci poses fimbriae and capsules

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

question

Diplococci within PMNs, adjacent flattened ends

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

question

Facultative anaerobe susceptible to environmental conditions. Fastidious, enhanced growth at high CO2, thayer martin medium

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

question

Fimbriae for adherence, antigenic variation, and promotion of endocytosis

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

question

Contain IgA protease that cleaves IgA on mucosal surfaces

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

question

Outer membrane contains Lipooligosaccharide (LOS)

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

question

This virulence factor of Neisseria gonorrhea elicits an inflammatory response causing purulent discharge

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

question

Lack of immunity leads to repeat infections due to phase variation

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

question

Primary sites of infection include: urethra in ment, urethra and cervix in women. Men are more symptomatic than women

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

question

In males clinical symptoms include burning on urination and yellow purulent discharge. Complications may occur but are uncommon

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

question

In females clinical symptoms include burning or frequent urination, vaginal discharge, abdominal pain. Infection can spread externally to the rectum in about 1/2 the cases. Major complication is PID leading

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

question

Opthalmia neonatorumthis occuring through passage of infected birth canal, rationale for mixed antibiotic prophalxis for newborns

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

question

One of the most frequently reported diseases in the US and 2nd most common cause of venereal disease

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

question

Almost always sexually transmitted with humans being the only reservoir

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

question

One of the more common cause of purulent arthritis in adults (mainly women)

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

question

Very low percentage of cases (mainly women) develop arthritis dermatitis syndrome which includes arthritis and dermatitis of the wrists, elbows and ankles

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

question

Gram stain conclusive for male purulent material. In females cervical secretions not conclusive, need to do either ELISA or PCR for confirmation

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

question

Used for testing antibiotic sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhea

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

question

Disadvantage of using this type up test is no antibiogram

answer

NAAT

question

May be resistant to penicillin or tetracycline

answer

Neisseria gonorrhea

question

Very small gram -, contains LPS but little peptidoglycan

answer

Chlamydiaceae

question

Obligate intracellular parasite, development occurs in 3 phases

answer

Chlamydiaceae

question

Infection of mucosa membranes through small abrasions, may lead to granuloma formation

answer

Chlamydia trachomatis

question

Most females are asymptomatic, however, manifestation includes mucopurulent cervicitis and PID

answer

Chlamydia trachomatis

question

PID more severe than N gonorrhoeae

answer

Chlamydia trachomatis

question

In males most genital infections are symptomatic, manifestation includes mucopurulent urethritis

answer

Chlamydia trachomatis

question

Manifestation leads to proctitis

answer

Chlamydia trachomatis

question

Bacteria causing lymphogranuloma venereum

answer

Chlamydia trachomatis

question

Primary lesion at site of infection is usually overlooked by it is small, and heals rapidly. Later manifestation includes painful enlargement of lymph nodes draining site of infection (usually inguinal)

answer

Lymphogranuloma venereum

question

Neonatal conjunctivitis from exposure at birth as well as infant pneumonia

answer

Chlamydia trachomatis

question

Most common bacterial disease

answer

Chlamydia trachomatis

question

Most common sexually transmitted disease

answer

Chlamydia trachomatis

question

Most common cause of epididymitis in sexually active men

answer

Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae

question

Chlamydia trachomatis disease epidemic to Africa, asia, and S america.

answer

Lymphogranuloma venereum

question

Most common form of neonatal conjunctivitis in the US

answer

Chlamydia trachomatis

question

Gold standard for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis, however, is starting to be replaced by molecular diagnosis

answer

Culture

question

Urine samples of Chlamydia trachomatis can be used for this test if purulent discharge is not available

answer

NAAT

question

Treatment includes agents that are taken up by host cells effectively

answer

Chlamydia trachomatis

question

Gram -, but lacks a true cell wall

answer