MGT 3305 CH 7 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
the unconscious preparation to fight or flee that a person experiences when faced with any demand
answer
Stress/Stress Response
question
(demand) a person or event that triggers the stress response
answer
Stressor
question
refers to the adverse psychological, physical, behavioral, and organizational consequences that may occur as a result of stressful events
answer
Distress/Strain
question
Strain is
answer
distress
question
steady state of bodily functioning and equilibrium
answer
Homeostasis
question
Walter B. Cannon first called stress the
answer
emergency response or the militaristic response
question
stress occurs when an external, environmental demand upsets an individuals natural steady-state balance (aka homeostasis). Also incorporates the fight-or-flight approach
answer
Cannon's Homeostatic/medical stress approach
question
saw stress as a result of person-environment interactions (like Cannon) but emphasized an individual's cognitive appraisal in persons or evens as being stressful or not
answer
Richard Lazarus cognitive appraisal approach
question
Problem-focused coping (managing the ________) and emotion-focused coping (managing the ________)
answer
stressor; response
question
Robert Kahn developed which stress approach?
answer
Person-Environment Fit approach
question
Richard Lazarus developed which stress approach?
answer
Cognitive Appraisal approach
question
Walter B. Cannon developed which concept of stress?
answer
Emergency Response or Militaristic Response (fight-or-flight)
question
the idea that confusing and conflicting expectations of a person in a social role create stress for that person
answer
The Person-environment fit approach
question
two elements of the personality interact to cause stress (ego-ideal and self-image)
answer
Psychoanalytic Approach
question
Which stress approach did Harry Levinson develop?
answer
the Psychoanalytic Approach
question
the embodiment of a person's perfect self
answer
ego-ideal
question
how the person really sees him/herself,both positively and negatively
answer
self-image
question
Work stress is caused by factors in the work environment as well as by
answer
nonwork (external) pressures that spill into the work place
question
What is one of the most complex work-related causes of stress?
answer
role conflict
question
What are the 4 categories of work demand?
answer
1) task demands 2) interpersonal demands 3) physical demands 4) role demands
question
Technological innovation has lead to
answer
task demands
question
results from inconsistent or incompatible expectations (inter-role, intra-role, or person-role conflict)
answer
Role conflict
question
caused by opposing expectations related to two separate roles assumed by the same individual (i.e. employee and parent)
answer
Inter-role conflict
question
caused by opposing expectations related to a single role (i.e. the manager who pushed employees for fast and high-quality work)
answer
Intra-role conflict
question
ethic violations are likely caused by
answer
person-role conflicts
question
employees expected to behave in ways that violate personal values, beliefs, or principles
answer
Person-Role conflicts
question
the confusion a person experiences in relation to the expectations of another (caused by misunderstanding)
answer
Role ambiguity
question
Sexual harassment and poor leadership are examples of what type of demand and are often generated at work by abrasive personalities?
answer
emotional toxins in INTERPERSONAL DEMANDS
question
Extreme environments, strenuous activities, hazardous substances, and global travel create what type of demands?
answer
physical demands
question
impositions from an individual's personal life environment (home) and self-imposed restrictions
answer
Nonwork demands
question
an imbalanced preoccupation with work at the expense of home and persona life satisfaction
answer
Workaholism
question
Workaholism is what type of non work demand?
answer
personal demand
question
Positive stress (where you thrive under pressure) is known as
answer
eustress
question
indicates that stress leads to improved performance up to an optimum point. Beyond that point, stress has a detrimental effect on performance
answer
Yerkes-Dodson Law
question
An extremem preoccupation with work may result in acute
answer
individual distress
question
Karoshi
answer
death by over work (most extreme type of individual distress)
question
Most common symptoms of psychological distress are:
answer
depression, burnout, and psychosomatic disorders (physical ailments w/ psychological origins)
question
Emotional exhaustion is caused by
answer
psychological distress
question
a form of psychological fatigue caused by energy depletion
answer
emotional exhaustion
question
a psychological response to job stress that Christina Maslach characterizes among three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced perceptions of personal accomplishment
answer
Burnout
question
a form of psychological distress caused by a lack of challenge, inspiration, and/or opportunity on the job
answer
Rust-out
question
a cost associated with absenteeism, tardiness, strikes, and work stoppages, and turnover
answer
Participated problem
question
Workplace aggression, substance abuse, and accidents are examples of what type of problems?
answer
Behavioral problems
question
low morale, dissatisfaction, breakdowns in communication, and disruption of working relationships
answer
Organizational distress
question
What are three major costs of organizational distress?
answer
1) Participation Problems 2) Performance Decrements 3) Compensation Awards
question
Which type of organizational distress includes absenteeism, tardiness, strikes, and turnover?
answer
participation problems
question
an organization loses a valuable employee
answer
Dysfunctional turnover
question
the organization benefits by creating opportunities for new members, new ideas, and fresh approaches (occurs when an org. loses an employee that had no value to it)
answer
Functional turnover
question
a cost of resulting from poor quality or low quantity of prediction, grievances, and unscheduled machine downtime and repair
answer
Performance decrement
question
an organizational cost resulting form court awards for job distress
answer
Compensation awards
question
Weak Organ Hypothesis aka Achilles' heel phenomenon
answer
suggests that a person breaks down at her weakest point
question
a complex of personality and behavioral characteristics, including: competitiveness, time urgency, social status insecurity, aggression, hostility, and a quest for achievements
answer
Type A Behavior Pattern
question
Which type of behavioral pattern is also known as coronary-prone behavior because it is linked with coronary heart disease?
answer
Type A personality
question
Type B Behavior Pattern are _______ coronary prone.
answer
less
question
a personality characterized by commitment, control, challenge, and hence, resistant to distress
answer
Personality Hardiness
question
a way of managing stressful events by changing them into less subjectively stressful events
answer
Transformational Coping
question
characterized by a passive avoidance of events and decreased interaction with the environment. May lead to short-term stress reduction (alternative to transformational coping)
answer
Regressive Coping
question
a healthy, secure, interdependent pattern of behavior related to how people form and maintain supportive attachments with others
answer
Self-Reliance
question
an unhealthy, insecure pattern of behavior that leads to separation in relationships with other people
answer
Counterdependence
question
an unhealthy, insecure pattern of behavior that leads to preoccupied attempts to achieve security through relationships
answer
Overdependence
question
an organizational philosophy according to which people and organizations should take joint responsibility for promoting health and preventing distress and strain
answer
Preventive Stress Management
question
the stage in preventive stress management designed to reduce, modify, or ELIMINATE the demand or STRESSOR causing stress
answer
Primary Prevention
question
the stage in preventive stress management designed o ALTER or modify the individual's or the organizations RESPONSE to a demand or stressor
answer
Secondary Prevention
question
a psychological approach to normal human development that identifies three distinct patterns of attachment (concept of self-reliance originally based on this)
answer
Attachment Theory
question
A secure pattern of attachment and _________ behavior results in self-reliance.
answer
interdependent
question
____________ people are confident, enthusiastic, and persistent in facing challenges.
answer
self-reliant
question
emotional and psychological connectedness to another person
answer
Interpersonal attachment
question
Two insecure patterns of attachment are ________ and _________.
answer
counterdependence; overdependence
question
the stage in preventive stress management designed to HEAL individual or organizational SYMPTOMS of distress and strain
answer
Tertiary Prevention
question
What are two organizational stress prevention methods that are considered secondary prevention?
answer
team building and social support at work
question
Primary prevention is _______ directed.
answer
stressor
question
Secondary prevention is ________ directed.
answer
response
question
Tertiary prevention is _________ directed.
answer
symptom
question
Organizational stressors combined with primary prevention are connected to
answer
health risk factors
question
Stress responses combined with secondary prevention are connected to
answer
asymptomatic disease
question
Distress combined with tertiary prevention is connected to
answer
symptomatic disease
question
A major goal in job redesign should be to
answer
increase worker control
question
Increasing worker control is a strategy of what?
answer
preventive stress management
question
A second object of job redesign should be to reduce __________ and increase _________ in the workplace
answer
uncertainty; predictability
question
What are the 4 types of organizational stress prevention?
answer
1) Job Redesign 2) Goal Setting 3) Role Negotiation 4) Social Support Systems
question
Goal setting is designed to increase _____ _______ while reducing _____ _____ and ambiguity.
answer
task motivation; role conflict
question
Goal setting focuses on a person's _______ while directing energy into a ______ _______.
answer
energy; productive channel
question
Role negotiation allows individuals to modify their ________ _______.
answer
work roles
question
According to the job strain model, a passive job has a ________ self-determination and a _______ workload.
answer
low; low
question
According to the job strain model, an active job has a ________ self-determination and a _______ workload.
answer
high; high
question
According to the job strain model, a low-strain job has a ________ self-determination and a _______ workload.
answer
high; low
question
According to the job strain model, a high-strain job has a ________ self-determination and a _______ workload.
answer
low;high
question
What are the 8 types of Individual Prevention for stress?
answer
1) Positive Thinking (primary) 2) Time Management (primary) 3) Leisure Time Activities (primary) 4) Physical Exercise (secondary) 5) Relaxation Training (secondary) 6) Diet (secondary) 7) Opening Up (tertiary) 8) Professional Help (tertiary)
question
What are primary prevention activities?
answer
learned optimism, time management, and leisure time activities
question
What are secondary prevention activities?
answer
physical exercise, relaxation, and diet
question
What are tertiary prevention activities?
answer
opening up and professional help
question
Social support at work and home comes from:
answer
1) Organizational (supervisor/colleagues) 2) Family (spouse/kids/in-laws) 3) Church/Religion (friends/support groups) 4) Clubs (business/social/athletic) 5) Professional (psychologists/physicians)
question
Mental and physical health improves through ______-_________.
answer
self-disclosure
question
What are the 4 sources of stress at work (aka work demands)?
answer
1) task demands 2) role demands 3) interpersonal demands 4) physical demands
question
What are the 2 sources of stress at work (aka non work demands)
answer
1) home demands 2) personal demands
