MF Chapter 13 – Flashcards
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predictors of divorce
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substance abuse marital infidelity sexual incompatibility insufficient love abuse and conflict over roles
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Gottman's predictor's of divorce
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criticism contempt stonewalling defensiveness belligerence (failure to accept)
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Stations of divorce
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emotional: disengage from marriage legal economic community psychic: when former spouse becomes irrelevant to sense of self & well-being co-parental
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Post divorce identitity
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most, except those with high conflict, experience separation divorce and loneliness (transition phase)
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recovery phase of post-divorce
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stil swings in confidence, distress, but reasonably stable new life
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Most children have difficulty during the first ___ years after parents divorce
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2 years
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How do very young children react to parents' divorce
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have sleep problems, bedwetting, anxiety and self blame
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Older school-aged kids react to divorce?
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may blame 1 parent, directing anger toward him/her; may also fear abandonment if angry with parent
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Adolescents react to divorce
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problems come from before divorce -angry for upsetting their lives, unhappy when they start dating -caught in middle of parent conflict
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how to help kids after divorce
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discuss separation before it occurs don't involve kids in ongoing conflicts
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men and divorce
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less time with children- may be estranged more loneliness, loss of their main confidant poor health and higher death rate better off financially
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women and divorce
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often have custody- overwhlemed societal disapproval if gives up custody gains freedom, more sense of personal identity financial stress/poverty, loneliness
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Why do people date attractive people
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feminized male face for heterosexual and testoserone male ace
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Different characteristics for what people think is attractive
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symmetry: full lips small noses for women too attractive women deemed as promiscuous. Just want to have sex with tough guy
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why is there a high infant mortality rate in the US?
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lack of health insurance
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having kids ____ marriage, but ____ marital satisfaction
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stabilizes; decreases
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having kids in cohabiting relationships ____ stability of relationship
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decreases
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Which women are child free (choose not to have kids?)
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well educated/career oriented
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what occurs in a hostile environment?
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abuse of power
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fault-based divorce
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a person alleges that his or her spouse is responsible for the failed marriage bc of adultery, cruel/inhumane treatment, mental cruelty, habitual drunkenness, desertion
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no-fault divorce
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couple divorce amicably w/o accusations or proving one's responsible for failure of marriage; claim irreconcilable differences
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Two means of ending divorce
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annulment and desertion
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annulment
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is granted when it is determined that the union never met the legal requirements of marriage
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desertion
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grounds for divorce, and until the marriage is officially terminated, the deserted spouse lives w/ uncertainty & ambiguity
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Bohannan's 6 stations of divorce
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emotional legal economic co-parental community psychic
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emotional divorce
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when at least 1 partner begins to disengage from the marriage, to feel "something isn't quite right"
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legal divorce
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court-ordered termination of marriage: many unresolved issues of the emotional divorce may be acted out
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economic divorce
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entails the settlement of the property of the marriage: alimony and child support
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co-parental divorce
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issues of child custody, visitation and support, impact of the divorce on the kids (most complicated)
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community divorce
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changes in te social contexts- relationships w/ in-laws and friends
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psychic divorce
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accomplished when the former spouse becomes irrelevant to one's sense of self and emotional well-being
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ratio measure of divorce
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calculated by taking the #s of divorces and the # of marriage in a year and --> ratio to represent how often divorce occurs compared to marriage
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crude divorce rate
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# of divorces in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population
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refined divorce rate
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measures the # of divorces that occur in a given year for every 1,000 marriages
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predictive divorce rate
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complicated calculation that allows researchers to estimate how many new marriages will end in divorce
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social integration
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degree of interaction between individuals and the larger community potential factor for divorce
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Demographic features related to divorce
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employment status, income, educational level, ethnicity, religion
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Among Caucasians, a higher divorce rate is characteristic of
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low-status occupations and unemployment
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The higher the family income, the lower the divorce rate for what two ethnicities?
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Caucasians and African Americans
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The higher a woman's individual income, the ___ her chances of divorce
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greater
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The greater involvement in religious activities, the ___ likelihood of divorce
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less
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T/F: Premarital cohabitation is associated with a higher risk of divorce
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true
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intergenerational transmission
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increased likelihood of divorce of someone who's parents have divorced
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Children of divorced parents are more likely to
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marry younger cohabit experience more economic hardship- more likely to divorce
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T/F: Couples with children divorce less often than couples with children
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true
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What do men claim as reasons for divorce
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external factors or claim ignorance-blindsided
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people of high socioeconomic status are more likely to stress what reasons for divorce?
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communication problems incompatibility/change of interest spouse is self-centered
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what do people of low socioeconomic status mention as reasons for divorce?
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financial problems physical abuse going out with boys/girls employment problems neglect of home responsibilities drinking
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proximal causes
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features of relationship that directly raise the probability of divorce
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distal causes
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background characteristics: age @ marriage prior cohabitation education income church attendance parental divorce
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Vaughn's uncoupling
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people gradually move apart through a set of fairly predictable stages
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Uncoupling process
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quite, unilateral initiator is unhappy but keeps feeling to themselves looks elsewhere acknowledging relationship cannot be saved
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What is the last stage of uncoupling?
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acknowledging the relationship cannot be saved
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separation distress
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situational anxiety caused by separation from an attachment figure -anxiety, fear, panic
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2 stages a person goes through during a separation
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transition and reovery
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transition period
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separation distress and loneliness ends w/in 1st year
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recovery period
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begins in 2nd year, lasts 1-3 years has created reasonably stable pattern of life, not stressed
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What is the greatest problem for many divorced men and women?
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how to meet other unmarried people
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Dating after separation and divorce
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not a leisurely matter less spontaneous finances strained having sex makes you feel single
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Alimony
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money payment a former spouse makes to the other to meet his or her economic needs
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Child support
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monetary payment made by noncustodial spouse to the custodial spouse to assit in child-rearing expenses
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binuclear family
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the family created when parents divorce
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3 stage process of divorce for children
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initial- high stress, escalated conflict, unhappiness transitional- 1 year after, restructuring family, economic/social change restabilization: w/binuclear family by end of 5 yrs
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6 tasks children undertake when parents divorce
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acknowledging parental separation disengaging from parental conflicts resolution of loss of daily routine resolution of anger & self- blame accepting finality of divorce achieving realistic expectations for later relationship success
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When caught in the middle, children opt for 1 of 3 strategies
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maintain positive relationships with both parents choose one over the other reject both parents
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sole custody
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when the child live with 1 parent, who has sole responsibility for physically raising the child and making all decisions regarding their upbringing
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split custody
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splits the children between parents; harsh effects on relationships between siblings
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joint custody
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both parents continue to share legal rights and responsibilities
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joint legal custody
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children live primarily w/1 parent, but both parents share in decisions regarding their children
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joint physical custody
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children live w/both parents dividing time between 2 households
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noncustodial parent
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involvement exists on a continuum regarding caregiving, decision making, and parent-child interaction need mandatory visitation
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divorce mediation
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process in which a mediator attempts to assist divorcing couples in resolving persona, legal, and parenting issues in a cooperative manner
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Scholars suggest that divorce doesn't represent a devaluation of marriage but
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an idealization of marriage
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the crude divorce rate
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represents the # of divorces in a given year for every 1,000 people in a population
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___, the degree of interaction between individuals and the larger community, is a potentially important factor related to the incidence of divorce
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social integration
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those whose parents divorce are subject to ___, the increased likelihood that divorce will later occur to them
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intergenerational transmission
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new ways of relating to children and former spouses are part of
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the co-parental divorce
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Max has been divorced for many years nwo nad his ex-wife has become irrelevant to his self and emotional well-being. Max has accomplished the ___ divorce.
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psychic
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Which of the following represents the beginning of the last stage of uncoupling
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acknowledging the relationship cannot be saved
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John's wife left him 3 weeks ago and he is experiencing anxiety from the separation. John is experiencing
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separation distress
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Jane and John had been married for 6 years and had 2 kids when Jane found out that John had never gotten a divorce from his 1st wife. Jane immediately consulted an attorney who advised that she file for
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an annulment
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Which of the following is most consistent predictor of marital stability identified in social science research
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age at time of marriage
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When it comes to dating again after divorce, for many men and women the greatest problem is
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how to meet other unamrried people
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For white men who contribute less than ___ % of their marital standard of living, divorce precipitates a decline in their living standards
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60
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____ % of all divorces involve children
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60
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Which type of custody arrangement has the harshest effect on relationship between siblings?
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split custody
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Children living in ___ appear to be the worst adjusted
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conflict-ridden 2 parent homes
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Johnny's parents recently separated. Since then he has been unhappy and more aggressive. Which of Wallerstein's stages of children's experience of divorce is Johnny in
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the initial stage
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Most parents, regardless of their age, are ___ because of their parent's separation
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angry
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Helen Raschke found all of the following to be important to children's adjustment after divorce EXCEPT
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wait until you actually are separating to tell the children
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ALL of the following are true regarding covenant marriage except
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research has found them to be very effective in preventing divorce
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T/F: the ratio of divorce allows resarchers to estimate how many new marraiges will likely end in divorce
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false
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T/F: in recent decades the rate of divorce has declined
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true
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T/F: Among Caucasians, a higher divorce rate is more characteristic of low-status occupations than of high-status
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true
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T/F: Among African Americans the lowest divorce rate is found among those born and raised in northern urban areas
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false
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T/F: The constant association of marriage partners makes each almost a physical part of the other
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true
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t/f: the person who initiates the separation and divorce feels guilty and as a result has a poorer postdivorce adjustment than the former spouse
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false
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T/F: A parent's homosexuality is no longer sufficient groUnds for denying child custody
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true
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T/F: MANY OF THE UNRESOLVED ISSUES OF THE EMOTIONAL DIVORCE MAY BE ACTED OUT DURING THE LEGAL DIVORCE
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true
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T/F: the psychic divorce is accomplished when a person starts dating again
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false
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T/F: very few couples divorce in the yea following the birth of their 1st child
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true
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T/F: adolescents often blame themselves for their parents divorce
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false
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T/F: some teens take the attitude that if mother or father sleeps with the date, why can't they?
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true
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T/F: Research indicates that separated and divorced men are 9x more likely to suffer from major depression than married men
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true
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T/F: researchers refer to low-income dads who don't pay child support as turnips
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true
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T/F: preschool children, compared to older children, are usually the most upset by their parents divorce
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false
