Medieval History II – Flashcards
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20th century Spanish historian philosopher of ideas
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George Santayana
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"Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." Who said this? What does this quote mean?
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George Santayana. History is not just facts, it's something we learn because it teaches lessons
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Who painted Historia? What date? What is going on in the painting?
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Nikolaos Gysis, 1892, child is guiding teacher's hand while writing
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study of past events, particularly human affairs, the past considered as a whole, the past characterized by a particular thing, the whole series of past events connected with someone of something, a continuous, typically chronological record of important or public events of a particular trend or institution
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Ad propositum
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Greek of this word is "ioTopia" from the verb "to seek after/inquire" Latin is historia, coming into Italian (story or narrative of past events)
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Etymology
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comes from Medius, -a, -um, and aevus, -i.
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medieval history
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end of classical civilization
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476 AD (fall of Rome)
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end of Medieval period
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1499 or 1520 AD (Ottoman turks used cannons to defeat the Venetian fleet in Battle of Zonchio)
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end of modern period
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present
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Sex Aetates Mundi (Six Ages of the World) is from who?
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St. Augustine in De Cathechezandis Rudibus
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name the six ages of the world
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1: Antedeluvian period (before the flood) 2: covenant with Abraham 3. David the King 4. Babylonian captivity 5. incarnation of christ 6. prior to 2nd coming (soon)
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about how long does the first 5 periods last?
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one millenium
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how long will God give us to convert everybody?
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1000 years
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do we live in the apocalyptic period?
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no
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What are the 3 ages of Gioacchino Fiore? dates of his birth and death?
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Age of Father, Son, and Spirit. (1135-1202)
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Painting of Gioacchino di Fiore: what is it? where?
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a fresco in the cathedral of Santa Severina, Calabria
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what are the four monarchies, where were they derived? and which is most important?
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babylonian (gold), Medo-persian (silver), Greek empire of Alexandria (Bronze), Roman empire (iron with clay). derived from Bible, Roman empire is most important bc of the legitimacy to the Roman empire and Rule of Charlemagne
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condemned, had a midlife conversion, went to monastery, became abbot, so he left because he did not want to be a leader, so he went to another monastery
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Gioacchino di Fiore (1135-1202)
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Who wrote the Grand Strategy of Classical Sparta? date? who does it talk about? what does the book talk about?
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Rehe; 4th century BC; Herodotus; war b/t Europe and Asia, sympathizes the Greeks, Xerxes and Herodotus understand pathos of human life
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Herodotus vs. Other Historians
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true history needs to capture the humanity in the past, not just battle tactics, we need to know the people and understand what they do and why things happen
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how did the carolingian empire fall and who does the power fall to?
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norsemen come and weaken empire and rise of the saxons. power falls to those who took hereditary rule over the land
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way of structuring society around relationships derived from the holdings of land in exchange for service or labor
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feudalism
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what does marxsism mean
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feudalism is defining force in society
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year society began to be described as feudalistic
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1800s
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plowing in the month of july painting. year? what is it called?
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Tres Riches Hueres du Duc de Berry, 15th century
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what is the first notion of feudalism
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reciprocity (serfs and masters, vassals and king)
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something that can be granted, what Carolingians used to grant something to someone else
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beneficium
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possibly Frankish term, from fehu-cattle and -od:moveable goods
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feodum
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heritable property or rights granted by a lord through vassalage
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fief or fee
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job without a care/ not doing much
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sinecure
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what could be held in "fee"?
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anything of value (governmental office, hunting or fishing rights, monopoly on services or projects)
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binds himself to his king or lord by means of a commendation ceremony, consisting of homage and an oath of fealty, it is a contract bc he promises to fight for the lord while the lord promises to protect him from external forces
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vassal
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painting: Roland
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Charlemagne's knight, receives his sword Durandal from Charlemagne in 15th century, shows a commendation ceremony, sword is legendary bc it cant be broken, roland swears an oath of fealty
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Vita Carli Magni
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Charles marched in Spain in 778, returned to France with armies but was in basks, Basks set an ambush in mountains, so Franks were disadvantaged so may died
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one lord in regard to homage, fealty to multiple overlords with respect to land-holdings, real property, tariffs, fees
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Liege-lord
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overarching relationship, lord protects you and calls you up for military service
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sovereign liege-lord
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painting of Henry II of England, Duke of Normandy
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he is with St Thomas a Beckett, archbishop of Canterbury 15th century, Henry is liege-lord/sovereign, but also overlord bc he calls knights to service in England but he cannot call Normans to service
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why was sacrament of penance tougher in the medieval period?
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usually pilgrimmages on foot to Canterbury where Thomas Beckett was murdered by Henry II bc he stood up to Henry bc he wanted separation b/t state laws and church, martyred in his own Cathedral
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recognized as a saint in Cartres, pushed for feast of Mary to be Dec 8th
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1006-1028) Bishop Fulbert of Chartres
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Duke of Aquitanians
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William V (969-1030)
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are serfs slaves?
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no
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battle of hastings
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1066
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comic strip of battle of hastings
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bayeux tapestry
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thiebault, count palatine of troyes: who wrote it?
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gets to make use of land given, cant transfer men bc they answer to jocelyn d'avalon, responsible for protection; Thiobald III
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who is an example of homage and fealty gone wrong? why?
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Robert Barrons bc they collected fees on their own initiative and vassals were collecting fees they werent entitled to collect
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who was homage and fealty given to?
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William Clito I, Count of Flanders
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who made William Clito Count of Flanders?
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Louis the VI or Louis the Fat
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how long is the bayeux tapestry?
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230 feet long and 20 inches tall (about 5-6 feet missing)
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where was the bayeux tapestry made? by who?
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England at Westminister Abbey by Penance seamstresses and etched by monks
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why is the tapestry remarkable?
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bc it exists today and theres nothing else close to this
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who was the tapestry commissioned by?
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Bishop Odo of Bayeux to decorate his cathedral (William's half brother)
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is the tapestry woven or embroidered?
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embroidered
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how is the tapestry Anglo-Saxon?
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based on embroidery
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who is the tapestry historically attached to?
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Queen Matilda, wife of William the Conquerer or William the Bastard
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where is the tapestry kept?
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it was in a box in the cathedral but now its in a museum
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king, holds a sceptor, last Anglo-Saxon king in the house of Wessex
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Edward
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who conquered house of wessex?
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edmund ironside/King Cenut (danish)
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who was aethelred the unready conquered by?
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Cenut
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where was Cenut born?
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England and grew up in Normandy
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traditional rulers, ruled SW england, involved with unification of England, started by Alfred the Great, in control until the Danes(Cenut) conquered
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Wessex
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treaty b/t Danes and Anglo-Saxons
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Danelagh
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paying Anglo-Saxons to stay back
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Danegeld
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what is the period before the Dane/Cenut take over called?
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Saxon Period
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what is the period after danes take over called?
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Danelagh
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who brings the house of wessex back?
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Edward the Confessor
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why was edward called the confessor?
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he confessed his faith/life
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who canonized edward the confessor?
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Pope Alexander
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what was edward's era called? why?
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Era of Peace bc he abolished Danegeld and taxes were made reasonable (Good King Edward's Laws), there was intermarriage between Danes and A-S
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who rebuilt westminister?
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edward the confessor
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what happened to the 3 westministers?
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1. fell bc of Cenut 2. built by Edward 3. built by Henry III (stands today)
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who did Edward kill?
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a baron/welsh leader because of famous conflict in scotland vs. malcolm:Macbeth (head was brought in a basket to ensure death)
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father is Godwin (most powerful English fam), was Earl of East Anglia and Earl of Wessex after his father died
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Harold Godwinson
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Godwin's wife, sister-in-law of Cenut, danish
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Gytha
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wife of Harold
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Edith the fair, Danish
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why was william called a bastard by the A-S?
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bc Robert (duke of normandy) had a relationship with Herleva (low class), and their marriage wasnt blessed by the church
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where does harold intend to sail to and where does he end up and why and what happens?
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Bosham but lands on Ponthieu (territory of Guy) bc of high winds, Guy makes Harold a prisoner in Beaurains, so Harold sends messengers to William to tell him hes being held prisoner
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Williams wife
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Matilda of Flanders
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did will become a leader very young?
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yes
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does william rescue harold from Guy?
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yes
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daughter of William, betrothed to Harold, but never got married
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Aelgifu
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how do william and harold get along?
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H goes to his palace and they get along so well that H accompanies him in battle against Conan, Duke of Brittany
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is Brittany an independent region?
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Conan thinks so, but Will doesn't
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how did Conan die?
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someone poisoned his gloves and when he wiped his mouth he died
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where did will pursue conan?
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at mount st michaels (fortified castle)
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how do we know harold made this trip to mount st michaels?
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he pulled two men out of quick sand there
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where does conan flee to?
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Dinan
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does conan surrender?
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yes and submits to william
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relationship between harold and william?
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harold becomes will's man and will become harold's soveriegn. harold was touching relics of a saint, making homage and he returns to england and has a conversation with edward
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edward's death. why is this an issue?
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1066, body carried to St peter's, issue bc who becomes king now?
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who does edward give the crown to?
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harold
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excommunicated, archbishop, position was contested bc he had edward's support, but not the pope's.
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Stigant
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why did the papacy support william?
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the church was in disarray, pope wanted to unify church
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Did stigant give a valid coronation to Harold?
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no bc he was not approved by the pope since he was excommunicated. he did not have pope's permission
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"sacramentum fecit"
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harold swears fealty and homage to william (ecclesiastical event)
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Istimirant stella, what does it mean?
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haley's comet, it is a bad omen, saying that what Harold did allowing Stigant crown him when he payed homage to will was a bad thing
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what do the ghost ships foreshadow?
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will's angst, how he wont be sitting around
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why did edward have no kids? why did he even get married then?
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he made a vow of chastity; got married bc it was political convenience, it bridged ties b/t Danes and A-S, sacrament wasnt defined back then, it was according to danish custom
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how did william's men make ships/boats?
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chopped down trees and used them
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where does will first land?
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Pevense
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where do Normans begin conquest?
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in Britain
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harold's brother, thought he had a claim on crown too, unhappy about harold's coronation, was in the North, where he is preparing for battle
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Tostig Godwinson (and his vikings)
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why does the tapestry leave the part about Tostig preparing for war out?
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because it brings more glory to william
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where were the earls that supported harold defeated?
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battle of fulford
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saxons win bc harold massacres the vikings quickly,
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stamford bridge battle
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because of his vigor, he defended stamford bridge by himself but tostig shot him in the throat, and tostig is killed as well
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harold hardrata
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harold's troops/bodyguards
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housecarls
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what arms did harold's army use?
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danish axes (6ft long shaft 2 ft blade), long bows (to shoot further away), and cavalry (men on horses)
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was harold older than tostig?
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yes
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tostig was allies with the __________
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norwegians
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lined men with shields
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Saxon line
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warrior bishop of bayeux, made earl of kent after will conquered england, fighting for the normans, was will's half brother bc mother was Herleva, father is Herlun de Countville
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Odo
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what does Odo carry and why?
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a club because he wasnt allowed to carry a sword since he was a clergyman
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why was odo imprisoned?
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he made his own conquest without permission because he wanted to be bishop of Rome
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Harold's death was more influenced by ______version of Christianity and not _____
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Celtic, Roman
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how does Harold die? what is this a sign of?
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arrow through his eye; perjury, it is right that he got shot in the eye because he promised taht if he got the crown he'd give it to William, putting hands on relics and paying homage, but didnt
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what happens to saxons after harold dies?
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dispirited, and become defeated (Normans win, Saxons lose)
