Medieval History Final Quiz Questions – Flashcards
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What year was the sack of Lindisfarne by the Vikings?
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793
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What year was the arrival of the Great Army in England?
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865
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What were Alfred the Great's years of rule?
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871-899
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In what year was the battle of Edington?
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878
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Where had Alfred taken refuge earlier in that year?
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Athelny
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By what name do we know the set of annals that were apparently initially compiled under the direction of Alfred the Great?
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The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
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Name one of translations Alfred did himself.
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Boethius' Consolation of Philosophy, Gregory the Great's Pastoral Care, The Soliloquies of St. Augustine
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Name one of the translations Alfred commissioned.
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Dialogues of Gregory he Great
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The duke of which duchy was made king after no more Carolingins in East Francia?
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the duchy of Saxony
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What was his name?
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Henry the Fowler
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What were Henry the Fowler's years of rule?
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919-936
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Which son of Henry took over?
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Otto I/the Great
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What were Otto I's years of rule?
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936-973
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In which battle did Otto defeat the Magyars?
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The Battle of Lech
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Which year was the battle of the Lech?
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955
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Which year did Otto become emperor?
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962
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What was the name of Otto I's son and successor?
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Otto II
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What were Otto II's years of rule?
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973-983
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What was the name of Otto II's son and successor?
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Otto III
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Who was the last Ottonian king?
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Henry II
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What were Henry II's years of rule?
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1002-1024
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Which dynasty succeeded the Ottonians?
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the Salians
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Which monastery is seen as starting the 10th C monastic revival?
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Cluny
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What year was Cluny founded?
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910
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Who founded Cluny?
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William, Duke of Aquitaine
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What rule did the monks of Cluny follow?
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The Rule of St. Benedict
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How were Abbots selected?
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By election.
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By which institution was Cluny's independence guaranteed?
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The papacy
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Name another example of a 10th C monastic reform movement.
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monastery of Fleury in France or Gorze in Germany
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Name one of the new eremitical movements in the late 11th C?
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Carthusians or Cistercians
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Who was the founder of Cistercians?
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Robert of Molesme
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Where did the Cistercians start?
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Cîteau
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Who was the catalyst for growth in the order?
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St. Bernard
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Bernard was abbot of where?
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Clairvaux
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What were Bernard's years of life?
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1090-1153
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Name a Cistercian innovation.
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annual council of abbots, no oblates (kids in monasteries), CONVERSII = lay brothers. People who don't have the education to become proper monks - in a Cluniac monastery they would have been the serfs.
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Name a curia figure working for papal reform in the mid-11th C.
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Cardinal Peter Damian, Humbert of Silva Candida ('white woods')
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What year was decree on papal elections?
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1059
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Who succeeded Henry III as emperor?
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his son, Henry IV
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What were Henry IV's years of rule?
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1056-1106
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How old was he at his aceesion?
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6 years old --> 1059, the decree on papal elections establishing papal independence, only possible because don't have strong emperor in place at that time.
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Which Pope did he battle with?
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Pope Gregory VII
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What were Gregory VII's Years of pontificate?
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1073-85
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What were the Symbols of investiture?
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the ring and crosier
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What did Gregory do to Henry when he refused to stop lay investiture?
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excommunicates him, deposes him, and releases his subjects from their oaths of loyalty to him. (power to loose and bind...)
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Where did Henry make his submission?
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Canossa, in N. Italy Was a smart move tactical move - pope essentially has to forgive him.
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When did he come to Canossa?
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January 1077
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Which text issued by Gregory VII has a statement of papal powers?
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Dictatus Papae
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Which dynasty take over in Egypt in c.900?
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Fatimids
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What form of Islam were the Fatimids?
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Shia
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What was the name of the Byzantine dynasty in 10th C?
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The Macedonians
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Who arrived in the region in 11th C?
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Seljuk Turks
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Where did the Turks have a crushing victory against the Byzantines?
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The Battle of Manzikert
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When was the Battle of Manzikert?
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1071
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Who Byz emperor at the time of the 1st Crusade?
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Alexius Comnenus
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What were Alexius Comnenus' year of reign?
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1078-1118
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Which Pope called the 1st Crusade?
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Pope Urban II
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What were Urban II's years of rule?
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1088-1099
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Where did he proclaim the crusade?
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(The Council of) Clermont
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What year did he proclaim the crusade?
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1095
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When (Day month year) did Jerusalem fall to the First Crusades?
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15 July 1099
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Which Spanish Reconquista figure died the same year?
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El Cid (pope Urban II also d. that year)
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Which agreement technically ended the investiture struggle?
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The Concordat of Worms
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Which year was the Concordat of Worms?
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1122
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Where were a series of councils held in the 12th C?
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The Lateran
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What was the Founding document of Canon law?
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Gratian's "Decretum"
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What year was Gratian's Decretum issued?
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c. 1140
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Who were the two main families competing for power in Germany in the 12th C?
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Hohenstauffens and Welfs
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What were Frederick Barbarossa's years of rule?
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1152-90
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Which group did he use to run his admin?
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ministeriales
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Which year did Frederick become Emperor?
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1155
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Who was he crowned by?
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Pope Adrian IV
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Where was Adrian IV From?
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England
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Who was Frederick's main opponent in Germany?
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Henry the Lion
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Where was Henry the lion duke of?
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Duke of Saxony
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Who was Pope from 1159?
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Pope Alexander III
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Where was Frederick defeated in 1176?
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the Battle of Legnano , in Italy
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Which year was the Peace of Venice?
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1177
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Where did Frederick go in 1189?
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On the 3rd Crusade
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Who was Frederick's son and successor?
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Henry VI (married Constance of SICILY)
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Who was Frederick's Grandson?
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Frederick II
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Who was Frederick II's Guardian?
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Pope Innocent III
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What were Innocent III's Years of rule?
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1198-1216
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Otto IV and John were defeated by Philip Aug where in 1214?
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The Battle of Bouvines
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What was signed in England in 1215?
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The Magna Charta
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Which Two new Religious orders did Innocent back?
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The Dominicans and the Franciscans
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The 4th Crusade took Constantinople in which year?
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1204
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Which year was Lateran IV?
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1215
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The Basic structure of medieval landownership is given what name?
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the Manorial system
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Name the two types of land in a manor.
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the manner/demesne and the tenements
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How did serfs pay for their tenements?
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giving labour, or rent to the lord
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Between 1000 and 1300 how much did population grow about?
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Doubled
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What system grew up in towns that provided some form of urban support network?
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Guilds
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What were St Francis' dates?
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1181-1226
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What were St Dominic's dates?
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1170-1221
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Which Norman conquered England?
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William the Conqueror
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What year was the Norman Conquest?
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1066
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What were William I's years of royal rule?
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1066-1087
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What name was given to the big text investigating landed holdings in England?
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The Domesday Book
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What Year was Domesday Book?
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1086
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What were Philip Augustus' Years of rule?
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1180-1223
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Which 'Crusade' in early 12th C enabled the spread of French monarchic power into south?
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The Albigensian Crusade
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Name the states in the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
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Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, Jerusalem
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By what name were the Crusader states known in the West?
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Outremer
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Name the Two most famous military orders?
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Templars and Hospitallers
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Which new dynasty was ruling Egypt by 1170?
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The Ayyubids
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Who was it led by?
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Saladin
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What were Saladin's Years of life?
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1137-93
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Where did he have a crushing Victory against the Crusaders?
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the Horns of Hattin
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When was the battle of Hattin?
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1187
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Who were the three leaders of the 3rd crusade?
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Frederick Barbarossa, Philip Augustus, Richard I
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Which French king led 2 crusades in 13th C?
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St. Louis IX
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What were Louis IX's Years of rule?
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1226-1270
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Where did Louis die?
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Tunisia, Egypt (why was he crusading in EGYPT? Because he was smart. Understood the 3 hubs strategy.)
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What was the last crusader city on the mainland to fall?
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Acre
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What Year did Acre fall?
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1291 (to the Mamluks - were originally the slaves of the Ayyubids)
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Which Archbishop of Canterbury sought to bring philosophy into religion?
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Anselm of Beck
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What were Anselm's Dates?
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1033-1109
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Name a Work by Anselm.
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The Proslogium, the Monologium, cur deus homo
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Name the famous early 12th C trouble-maker scholar?
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Peter Abelard
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What were Peter Abelard's Dates?
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1079-1142
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Name Peter Abelard's Famous philosophical work.
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"Sic et Non" (yes & no)
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Which Institution emerges as the main educational and intellectual centre in the 12thC?
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Cathedral Schools
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Name an Arab thinker with influence on the medieval west.
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Avicenna, Averroes
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Name a medieval Jewish thinker with influence on the medieval west.
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Maimonides
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Who wrote the Sentences?
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Peter Lombard
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Who wrote the Decretum in c.1140?
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Gratian
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What were John of Salisbury dates?
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1120-1180
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Which Famous political work by John justified overthrowing unjust monarchs?
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Policraticus
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Who taught Thomas Aquinas?
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St. Albert the Great
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What were Thomas Aquinas' dates?
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1225-1274
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By what phrase was Frederick II known to his contemporaries?
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"stupor mundi" (wonder of the world)
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Frederick II was Condemned and excommunicated by Innocent IV in 1245 at which council?
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The Council of Lyon (pope wins over emperor. But, doesn't benefit the papacy, ultimately... has overused its tools.)
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Which year did Frederick II die?
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1250 (with his death, the conflict of emperor vs. papacy end. Now a new conflict... nation vs. supranational/pope.)
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Name an early English vernacular epic.
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Beowulf
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Name the early French vernacular epic.
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The Song of Roland
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Name an author who wrote lays.
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Chrétien de Troyes
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What were Dante's dates?
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1265-1321
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In what year is the Divine Comedy set?
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1300
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Name another work by Dante
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La vita nuova (vernacular), De monarchia (latin)
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What are Boccaccio's dates?
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1313-1375
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What is name of Boccaccio's most famous work?
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The Decameron
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What were Chaucer's dates?
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1340-1400
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What year was the Peasants' revolt in England?
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1381
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What name is given to a similar French revolt in 1358?
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Jacquerie
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Who was the first real humanist?
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Petrarch
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What are Petrarch's dates?
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1304-1374
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What was the name of Petrarch's muse?
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Laura
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What does ad fontes, the humanist watchword, mean?
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"to the sources" - involves getting the sources (rediscovering texts), - getting the best copies of those sources (making new editions) - writing like the sources - gaining virtue through the sources.
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What mountain does Petrarch write a story about climbing?
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("The Ascent of") Mt. Ventoux
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Which late 13th C/early 14th C French king was in conflict with the popes?
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Philip IV/theFair
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What were his (Philip IV) years of rule?
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1285-1314
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Which pope was Philip in conflict with?
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Pope Boniface VIII
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What were Pope Boniface's years of pontificate?
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1294-1303
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Where was he captured by the French?
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Anagni
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Where did the Papacy move subsequently?
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Avignon
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In what year?
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1309
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Under which pope?
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Pope Clement V
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Between what years was the Avignon papacy?
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1309-1376
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What was it succeeded by?
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The Great Schism (1378)
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Which Council brought an end to the Great Schism?
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The Council of Constance (1417)
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Which pope came out of Constance?
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Pope Martin V
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Where was Henry V's famous victory?
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Agincourt
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What year was the Battle of Agincourt?
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1415
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Who was the Maid of Orleans?
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St. Joan of Arc
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In which year was Joan of Arc executed?
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1431
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What name is given to the English civil war that followed the 100 Years war?
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The War of the Roses
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Who emerged as victor?
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Henry Tudor/Henry VII???
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The marriage of which two monarchs unified Spanish crown?
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Ferdinand II of Aragon, Isabella I of Castile
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What year did Constantinople fall?
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1453
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Who wrote the Defensor Pacis?
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Marsilius of Padua
