question

axil/o

answer

arm pit

question

cervic/o

answer

neck, cervix

question

immun/o

answer

protection

question

inguin/o

answer

groin

question

lymph/o

answer

lymph

question

lymphaden/o

answer

lymph node (gland)

question

splen/o

answer

spleen

question

thym/o

answer

thymus gland

question

tox/o

answer

poison

question

-cytosis

answer

abnormal condition of cells (increase in cells)

question

-edema

answer

accumulation of fluid

question

-globulin

answer

protein

question

-megaly

answer

enlargement, large

question

--oid

answer

resembling

question

-oma

answer

tumor, mass

question

-pathy

answer

disease process

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-penia

answer

decrease, deficiency

question

-phylaxis

answer

protection or guard

question

-poiesis

answer

Formation, production

question

-suppression

answer

to stop

question

ana-

answer

again, anew

question

auto-

answer

Self, own

question

hyper-

answer

Above, Excessive

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inter-

answer

between

question

retro-

answer

Backward, behind

question

adaptive immunity

answer

the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them. Humoral (B cells) and cell-mediated immunity (T cells) are examples

question

adenoids

answer

mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx

question

anaphylaxis

answer

unusual hypersensitivity to previously encountered foreign proteins or other antigens. Acute allergic response to an antigen that results in severe hypotension and may lead to life-threatening shock if untreated.

question

antibody

answer

protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens

question

antigen

answer

substance that the body recognizes as foreign; evokes an immune response. most antigens are proteins or protein fragments found on the surface of bacteria, viruses or organ transplant tissue cells

question

asplenia

answer

Absence of a spleen.

question

autoimmune disease

answer

A disorder in which the immune system attacks the body's own Molecules

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axillary nodes

answer

lymph nodes in the armpit

question

B cell

answer

lymphoctye that matures into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies.

question

cell-mediated immunity

answer

T cells (cytotoxic, helper and suppressor) that respond to antigens and destroy them; a type of adaptive immunity

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cervical nodes

answer

lymph nodes in the neck region

question

complement system

answer

proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target

question

cytokines

answer

proteins secreted by cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction. examples are interferons and interleukins

question

cytotoxic T cell

answer

lymphocyte that directly kills antigens; called CD8-positive T cell

question

dendritic cell

answer

antigen-presenting cell. shows T and B cells what to attack

question

helper T cell

answer

lymphocyte that aids B cells and stimulates T cells. also called CD4-positive T cell

question

humoral immunity

answer

B cells produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens; type of adaptive immunity

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hypersplenism

answer

Syndrome of spleen enlargement (splenomegaly) and destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis).

question

immunity

answer

body's ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that deamage tissues and organs. this includes natural immunity and adaptive immunity. the word immunity comes from latin immunis, meaning exempt or protected from.

question

immunoglobulins

answer

Antibodies such as IgA, IgE, IgC, IgM, and IgD that are secreted by plasma cells in humoral immunity in response to the presence of an antigen.

question

immunosuppression

answer

Inability of the immune system to respond to an antigen. Occurs in response to disease or medications; may be intentional to prevent rejection of transplants or a side effect of some medications.

question

immunotherapy

answer

use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat or prevent disease

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inguinal node

answer

lymph nodes in the groin region

question

interferons

answer

proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response

question

interleukins

answer

proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes

question

interstitial fluid

answer

fluid in the spaces between cells. this fluid becomes lymph when it enters lymph capillaries

question

lymph

answer

thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body. latin lympha means clear spring water.

question

lymphadenitis

answer

inflammation of lymph nodes

question

lymphadenopthy

answer

enlarged lymph nodes

question

lymph capillaries

answer

tiniest lymphatic vessels

question

lymphedema

answer

Abnormal collection of fluid in tissue spaces caused by obstruction of lymph vessels and backflow of lymph.

question

lymph node

answer

collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels; contains cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) that fight infection

question

lymphocytes

answer

A class of white blood cells that consist of small and large lymphocytes. The small lymphocytes bear variable cell-surface receptors for antigen and are responsible for adaptive immune responses. There are two main classes of small lymphocyte—B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). Large granular lymphocytes are natural killer (NK) cells, lymphocytes of innate immunity.

question

lymphocytosis

answer

An increase in the number of lymphocytes in the blood because of infection, inflammation, or leukemia.

question

lymphocytopenia

answer

An abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes

question

lymphoid organs

answer

Lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland

question

lymph vessel

answer

a vascular duct that carries lymph which is eventually added to the venous blood circulation

question

macrophage

answer

large phogocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body

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mediastinal nodes

answer

lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the thoracic cavity

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mesenteric nodes

answer

lymph nodes in the mesentery (intestinal region)

question

monoclonal antibody

answer

antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells; useful in immunotherapy

question

natural immunity

answer

protection that an individual is born with to fight infection such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells. it is not antigen specific and does not elicit memory.

question

paraaortic nodes

answer

lymph nodes near the aorta in the lumbar (waist) area of the body

question

plasma cell

answer

lymphocyte that secretes antibodies. It matures from B lymphocytes

question

right lymphatic duct

answer

lymphatic vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of the body. it empties lymph into a large vein in the neck

question

spleen

answer

organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn-out red blood cells, activates lymphocytes and stores blood

question

splenectomy

answer

surgical removal of the spleen

question

splenomegaly

answer

Enlargement of the spleen

question

suppressor T cell

answer

lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T cells. also called a Treg (regulatory T cell)

question

T cell

answer

lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferons and interleukins that are toxic to antigens

question

thoracic duct

answer

large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower and left side of the body (head, neck, arm and chest). it empties lymph into large veins in the neck

question

thymectomy

answer

Surgical removal of the thymus gland

question

thymus gland

answer

lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response

question

tolerance

answer

the ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body's own antigens as "self" or friendly. once tolerance is established, the immune system will not react against the body

question

tonsils

answer

masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx

question

toxic

answer

Pertaining to poison

question

toxin

answer

poison; a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants

question

vaccination

answer

exposure of an individual to a foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune response. the response will destroy any cell that possesses the antigen on its surface and will protect against infection.

question

vaccine

answer

Weakened or killed microorganisms, toxins, or other proteins given to induce immunity to infection or disease

question

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

answer

Deficiency in the immune system that is acquired after birth due to infections, malnutrition, or therapies that deplete immune cells (AIDS), more susceptible to cancer.

question

allergen

answer

A substance that causes an allergic reaction

question

allergy

answer

abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen

question

atopy

answer

hypersensitive or allergic state involving an inherited prdisposition. from the greek atopia, meaning strangeness.

question

CD4+ cell

answer

helper T cells that carry the CD4 protein antigen on their surface. HIV binds to CD4 and infects and kills T cells bearing this protein. AIDS patients have an inadequate number of CD4+ cells

question

ELISA

answer

screening test to detect antibodies (e.g. anti-HIV) in the bloodstream

question

Hodgkin disease

answer

malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes; often idetified by the malignant cell Reed-Sternberg cell; in the lymph nodes.

question

Human immunodeficiency virus

answer

virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS

question

immunoelectrophoresis

answer

Test that separates immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA, IgD)

question

kaposi sarcoma

answer

a cancer arising from the lining cells of capillaries that produces dark purplish skin nodules. Malignant lesion associated with AIDS.

question

lymphoma

answer

malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue

question

multiple myeloma

answer

Malignant tumor of bone marrow cells. composed of plasma cells

question

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia

answer

a disorder of malignant B cells that produce large quantities of IgM; increased IgM concentration impairs the passage of blood through capillaries in the brain and eyes, causing a hyperviscosity syndrome.

question

non-Hodgkin lymphoma

answer

include follicular lymphoma (composed of collections of small lymphocytes in a follicle or nodule arrangement) ; large cell lymphoma. mostly B cell lymphomas and rarely T cell malignancies.

question

opportunistic infections

answer

infectious diseases associated with AIDS; they occur because HIV infection lowers the body's resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that normally are easily contained

question

protease inhibitors

answer

drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps create new viral pieces for HIV

question

reverse transcriptase inhibitors

answer

Drug that treats AIDS by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV

question

thymoma

answer

Malignant tumor of the thymus gland. often associated with neuromuscular disorder, myasthenia gravis.

question

viral load test

answer

measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the blood stream

question

wasting syndrome

answer

marked by weight loss and decrease in muscular strength appetite and mental activity, also may occur with AIDS

question

Western blot

answer

A technique in which proteins, previously separated by gel electrophoresis, are transferred to paper. A specific labeled antibody in generally used to mark the location of a particular protein.

question

CD4+ cell count

answer

measures the number of CD4+ T cells (helper T cells) in the bloodstream of patients

Medical Terminology: chap 14 – Flashcards

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