Mechanics of Breathing – Flashcards
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1. Which is NOT considered to be a primary function of the respiratory system?
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c. protection against pathogens
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2. Ventilation is also known as
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a. breathing.
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***3. The upper respiratory tract includes all EXCEPT which of the following?
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b. lungs
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4. The lower respiratory tract includes
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a. all of the bronchial branches. b. the lungs. c. the trachea.
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5. Pulmonary ventilation refers to the
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a. movement of air into and out of the lungs.
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6. Alveolar ventilation refers to the
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b. movement of air into and out of the alveoli.
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7. The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are
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d. alveoli
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8. Place the following structures of the respiratory tree in the order in which air passes through them.
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1.) primary bronchi 2.) secondary bronchi 3.) bronchioles 4.) terminal bronchioles 5.) alveoli
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9. The airway between the larynx and the primary bronchi is the 85. Which part of pulmonary tract comes between the Larynx and the bronchi?
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c. trachea
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10. The lungs are enclosed in __________ membranes.
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c. pleural
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11. The lungs are located in the __________ cavity.
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d. thoracic
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12. Pressure and volume of gas in a container are related to temperature and number of gas molecules. This is known as __________ law.
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a. the ideal gas
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13. Type II alveolar cells
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b. secrete a chemical known as surfactant.
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14. Type I alveolar cells
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a. allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin membranes.
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15. Surfactant
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d. helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing.
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16. The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
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d. pharynx
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17. When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,
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a. the volume of the thorax increases.
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***18. Air moves into the lungs because
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a. the gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure.
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***19. Air moves out of the lungs because
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b. the volume of the lungs decreases with expiration.
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***20. In quiet breathing,
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c. inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
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21. Boyle's law states that gas volume is
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c. inversely proportional to pressure
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22. Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the
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a. upper respiratory tract
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23. A typical value for intrapleural pressure is __________ mm Hg.
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d. -3
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24. Active expiration is produced by contraction of
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a. abdominal muscles c. internal intercostals
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25. When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,
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a. The gas pressure in the lungs is less than outside pressure. c. intrapleural pressure decreases
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***26. If a student inhales as deeply as possible and then blows the air out until he cannot exhale any more, the amount of air that he expelled is his
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c. Expiratory reserve volume. e. vital capacity.
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27. Total cross-sectional area __________ with each division of the airways.
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a. increases
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***28. Blood vessels cover approximately __________% of the alveolar surface.
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a. 80-90
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29. In the lungs, the
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a. blood flow rate is higher and the blood pressure is lower, respectively, than the blood flow rate and the blood pressure in other tissues.
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30. The distance between the alveolar air space and capillary endothelium is __________, allowing gases to diffuse __________ between them.
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a. short, rapidly
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31. Flow of air
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a. is directly proportional to a pressure gradient, and flow decreases as the resistance of the system increases.
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32. An increase in PCO2 would cause
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c. the bronchioles to constrict and the systemic arterioles to dilate.
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33. Chronic inhalation of fine particles that reach the alveoli leads to __________ lung disease.
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c. fibrotic
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34. Histamine's primary role in the respiratory system is as a
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c. bronchoconstrictor
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35. the additional air inhaled after a normal inspiration
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inspiratory reserve volume
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36. the minimum amount of air always present in the respiratory system, after blowing out all you can
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residual volume
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37. the extra amount actively (forcibly) exhaled after a normal exhalation
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expiratory reserve volume
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38. the amount of air taken in during a single normal inspiration
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tidal volume
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40. the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal breath
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functional residual capacity
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41. the sum of all the lung volumes
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total lung capacity
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42. the amount of air inhaled during an active (forced) inspiration
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inspiratory capacity
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43. the total amount of air that can be exchanged at will
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vital capacity
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44. During normal expiration,
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a. elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume.
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***45. Damage to the type II cells of the lungs would contribute to
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d. alveolar collapse a. Increased surface tension in the water lining of alveoli.
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46. Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and frequently has periods where he can hardly breathe. The problem is the result of
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c. thick secretions that exceed the ability of the mucus elevator to transport them.
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47. Breathing that involves active inspiratory and expiratory movements is called
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b. hyperpnea
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***48. The respiratory rate times the tidal volume corrected for dead space is the
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d. alveolar ventilation rate.
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49. Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will
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a. increase the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli.
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50. Joe is playing in an intramural football game when he is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. He can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin, and he is having a difficult time breathing. Joe probably is suffering from
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c. a pneumothorax.
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51. In a condition known as pleurisy, there is excess fluid in the pleural space. How would you expect this to affect the process of pulmonary ventilation?
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b. Breathing would be labored and difficult.
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***52. cessation of breathing
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apnea
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53. increased respiratory rate and/or volume without increased metabolism
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hyperventilation
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***54. increased respiratory rate and/or volume due to increased metabolism
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hyperpnea
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***55. rapid breathing
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tachypnea
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***56. difficulty breathing
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dyspnea
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65. The pleural pressure is
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a. Subatmospheric.
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***67. Vital capacity is
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d. Inspiratory reserve volume plus tidal volume plus the expiratory reserve volume.
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***68. The compliance of the lungs will be impaired in advanced stage of this pathological condition in the lungs.
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a. Fibrosis.
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***71. Which part of the lungs is more profused with blood (get more blood)?
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a. The part of the lungs that is more ventilated. d. The base of the lungs.
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***72. The volume of the air in the anatomic dead space is
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a. 150 mL
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***79. How the lungs are kept all the time expanded in the chest cavity?
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a. By the subatmospheric pressure in pleural cavity.
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***80. Which is not a function of the upper respiratory organs?
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e. Absorb the oxygen.
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**^81. The pulmonary blood circulation and the systemic blood circulation have in common measure wise.
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a. The volume of the blood that circulates in system.
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***82. Which part of respiratory tract we encounter the highest resistance for the passage of the air?
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e. Trachea.
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***86. How many times the total cross-section of the bronchioles is wider than the trachea?
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d. 2000
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***87. The ability of a lung to recoil or recover from stretch is called.
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a. Elastance.
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***88. Julia is breathing 14 times per minute, with a tidal volume of 520mL and a dead space volume of 152mL, Lyle is breathing 15 times per minute, with a tidal volume of 400mL and a dead space of 175mL. Which patient has better alveolar ventilation?
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a. Julia
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***Know this formula for ventilation:
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Ventilation rate: x(tidal vol. - dead space) Julia's VR: 14(520-152) 14(368) 5,152 Lyle's VR: 15(400-175) 15(325) 4,875
