MCB2000 Exam 2 – Flashcards

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Chromosome
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structure that carries hereditary info, contains genes
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Plasmid
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small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of chromosomes
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Gene
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segment of DNA encoding a functional product
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Genome
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one complete copy of the genetic info in a cell
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DNA
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nucleic acid of genetic material in all cells and some viruses
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RNA
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class of nucleic acids that comprises of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
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Ribosome
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site of protein synthesis in a cell, composed of RNA and protein
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Replication
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when the cell elongates and becomes 2 cells
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Transcription 
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copying DNA in the form of RNA, leaving DNA unchanged; process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template
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Central Dogma 
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replication, transcription, and translation
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Translation
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use of mRNA to make a protein
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mRNA
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messenger RNA

directs incorporation of amino acids into proteins

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tRNA
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transfer RNA

brings amino acids to the ribosomal site where they are incorporated into proteins

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rRNA
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ribosomal RNA

froms ribosomes

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Operon
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operator and promoter sites and the structure genes they control; 

put several genes under the same command;

not in human cells

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Lac Operon
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required for transport and metabolism of lactose in e. coli
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Trp Operon
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codes for components of tryptophan, not used when tryptophan is present
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Inducible Operon
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early metabolite in the pathway;

causes activation of transcription of the genes encoding the enzymes;

STARTS TRANSCRIPTION

 

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Repressible Operon
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excess quantities of the end product of the pathway;

leads to cessation of transcription;

ENDS TRANSCRIPTION

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Catabolic Repression
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inhibition of the metabolism of alternate carbon sources by glucose
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Codon
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sequence of 3 nucleiotides in mRNA that specifies the insertion of an amino acid into a polypeptide
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Anticodon
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the 3 nucleiotides by which a tRNA recognizes an mRNA codon
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Ligase
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enzyme that fuses together fragments (Okazaki fragments);

join together 2 large molecules by forming a new chemical bond

 

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Helicase
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allows for relaxing/opening up of DNA at the replication fork, exposing the single strand;

enxyme that hydrolize ATP as they move ahead of the relication fork;

ATP dependent

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Okazaki Fragments
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short molecules, single strand DNA, that are formed on the lagging strand of DNA replication
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Reverse Transcription
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convert RNA into DNA;

only in viruses

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Replication Fork
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the point where DNA strands separate and new strands are synthesized
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ORI
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Origin of replication;

where replication always begins in DNA;

here, DNA bulges and creates 2 replication forks

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Bidirectional Replication
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type of DNA replication; 

creates 2 replication forks moving in opposite directions

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Role of Radiation in Mutation
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type of mutagen (cause mutation);

2 types: ionizing and non-ionizing;

increases frequency of mutations

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Mutagen
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something in the environment that causes mutations
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Carcinogen
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any cancer causing substance
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Ames Test
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procedure using bacteria to identidy potential carcinogens;

looks for damage to bacterial DNA by looking for metabolic activity being affected by mutation/damage to DNA

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Recombinant DNA Technology
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intentional modification of the genomes or organisms by natural and artificial processes for practical purposes;

 

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Tools for Recombinant DNA Technology
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reverse transcriptase

restriction enzymes

vectors

gene libraries

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PCR
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polymerase chain reaction;

technique using DNA polymerase to make multiple copies(large numbers) of a DNA template in vetro

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Gel Electrophoresis
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separation of substances (DNA) by their rate of movement through an electrical field;

allows scientists to isolate DNA of interest

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Gene Library
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collection of organisms that each contain a piece of the DNA from the host you are working with;

may contain all genes of a single chromosome

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Vector
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nucleic acid molecules that carry DNA into a new host;

best vectors are small

 

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Examples of Vectors
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plasmids, viruses, and transposons
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Prokaryote
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cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope
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Eukaryote
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cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane enclosed nucleus
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Monera
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one of 5 kingdoms;

most organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization

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Eubacteria
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one of 3 microorganism domains;

prokaryotic bacteria;

single cell

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Etiology
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study of the cause of diseases
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Virus
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single strand DNA or RNA;

submicroscopic, parasitic, filterable agent consisting of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat;

use humans as a host

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Capsid
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protein coat of a virus that surrounds the nucleic acid
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Spike
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proteins that protrude/project from the lipid layer of viruses;

used for recognition and attachment to the host cell

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Envelope
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outermost layer of viruses;

composed of lipids and viral proteins (spikes)

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Plaque Assay
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used to quantify viruses/determine virus concentration;

(plaque = area on plate containing dead viruses)

the number of plaques relates to the number of infectious particles applied to the plate;

how viruses are counted

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Prion
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piece of protein;

PrP;

infectious agent consisting of a self replicating protein with no detectable nucleic acids

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Virion
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complete, fully developed viral particle
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Viroid
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infectious RNA
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Monolayer
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when growing viruses, done by taking tissue from liver or animal cell and spread on bottom of a flask;

tissue attaches to the bottom of the flask with addition of an adhesive substance (the monolayer)

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Tissue Culture
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the growth of tissues;

cells separate from the organism

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Interferons
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proteins released & produced by the immune system that attack viruses directly;

can kill viruses

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Uncoating
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separation of viral nucleic acid from its protein coat;

capsid coat of virus peels off

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Viral Replication Cycle
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formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells
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Zoonosis / Zoonotic Disease
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disease that is transimitted from animals to human;

not usually transferred from human to human

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Icosahedron
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the shape of a virus;

regular polyhefron with 20 identical equilateral triangular faces

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Nosocomial Infection
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disease caught and transmitted in a hospital;

more prevalent in people that are older people, with weak immune systems, or require hospitalization

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Endotoxin
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part of the structure of gram negative bacteria (outer portion);

released when bacteria is killed;

very dangerous/toxic;

lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

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Exotoxins
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toxic chemicals produced & secreted by (gram positive) bacteria;

made from proteins;

 

 

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Enterotoxins
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type of exotoxin that affects the digestive tract

(Ex: cholera - a water borne disease)

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Neurotoxins
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type of exotoxin that affects the nerve cells
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Koch's Postulates
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Robert Kock developed 4 postulates that must be used to prove a certain pathogen causes a certain disease.

1. Observation

2. Isolation

3. Re-infection

4. Re-observation

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Pathology
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scientific study of disease
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Contamination
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temporary presence of microorganisms in/on the body
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Infection
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organism has invaded the body and has established itself in the body through multiplying and spreading itself
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Disease
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abnormal condition or function;

results only if invading pathogen alters the normal functions of the body;

referred to as morbidity

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Reservoirs of Infection
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places microorganisms are found on a normal basis;

source of infection

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Animate
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showing characteristics of life;

living

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Inanimate
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Not showing characteristics of life;

nonliving

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Carrier
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humans or other animals in which the infectious agent is growing and reproducing with little or no visible harm to the current hose;

harbors pathogens and transmits them to others

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Chronic Carrier
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people or animals that usually have had the disease and the infectious agent is still present within them;

acts as a host without displaying any signs of the disease

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Mode of Transmission
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the way in which an infectious organism is spread
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Direct Contact Transmission
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person to person or reservoir to person;

Ex: handshaking, kissing, sex;

Ex: common cold, tuberculosis, measles, chicken pox

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Indirect Contact Transmission
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through a fomite (any inanimate object that can carry infectious organisms - germs/parasites)

Ex: towels, door knobs, pencils;

Ex: anthrax, respiratory virus, water borne and food borne disease

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Droplet Contact Transmission
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not airborne;

exposure to liquid droplets from sneeze/cough of infecter person can spread cold or flu virus;

can travel meter or less;

form of indirect contact

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Vehicle Transmission
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something that carries the organism into your body;

Ex: food and water

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Vector Transmission
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insects that directly deposit organism under your skin;

Ex: flies, mosquitos, ticks, fleas;

Ex: bubonic plague, lyme disease, dengue fever, malaria

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Triangle of Infection
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microbes, host, and environment
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Endemic
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disease that is always present in the environment;

low frequency;

Ex: common cold

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Pandemic
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spread of a disease throughout the world;

Ex: H1N1 flu virus

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Epidemic
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spread of a disease within a country
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Mortality
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death caused by disease
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Morbidity
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disease;

condition of being diseased

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Superantigen
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mimic a multiple attack of several different organisms simultaneously;

overactivation of the host immune system;

can cause stress on the organism

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Symbiosis
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organisms living close together and interacting with each other;

;

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Parasitism
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interaction where one organism feeds off the other and the otehr is harmed but not necessarily killed;

symbiotic relationship

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Mutualism
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interaction of 2 organisms in which 2 organisms support and benefit each other;

symbiotic relationship

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Antagonism
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interaction in which the parasite harms and kills the host;

symbiotic relationship

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Commensalism
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interaction where one organism benefits and the other neither benefits or is harmed;

symbiotic relationship

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Mucins
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heavily glycosylated proteins produced by epitheleal tissues in most metazoans
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Lysozyme
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protein that kills the cell wall of bacteria;

present in bodily secretions (saliva)

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Lysosome
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organelle containing digestive enzymes
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Phagocytosis
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engulfment/ingestion of bacteria
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LD50
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lethal dose;

number of microorganisms it takes to kill 50% pf the infected population

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ID50
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infectious dose;

number of microorganisms it takes to make 50% of the population sick

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Routes/Portals of Entry
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- skin

- mucous membranes (respiratory/GI tract)

- placenta (genital tract)

- parental route

*same as exit

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Portals of Exit
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- skin

- mucous membranes (respiratory/GI tract)

- placenta (genital tract)

- parental route

*same as entry

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Parental Route
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one of the routes of entry;

when the microorganism bypasses the normal protection/skin;

(ex: injection or cut)

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Normal Microbiota
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microorganism that colonize a host without causing disease;

normal flora

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Normal Flora
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natural population of microorganisms that live on the surface of the skin
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Virulent
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microorganisms that are non-disease causing because of an inability to make attachment proteins or adhesions;

degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism

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Virulence
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relative ability of bacteria to cause disease;;

how effective the bacteria are in making people sick

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Capsule
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gel layer that covers and protects the bacteria against phagocytosis;

allows better attachment of bacteria to stick together in a biofilm

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Adhesion
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protein that projects from prokaryotic walls;;

used for adherance (attachment of microbe/phagocyte to another's plasma membrane or other surface);

also called a Ligand

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Extracellular Bacteria
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present in body, but not within cells;

Advantage: can easily spread through the body;

Disadvantage: constantly being hunted and tracked by immune system 

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Intracellular Bacteria
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located within the cells;

Advantage: protected against immune system;

Disadvantage: confined within the cell

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