MCB2000 Exam 2 – Flashcards
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Unlock answersChromosome |
structure that carries hereditary info, contains genes |
Plasmid |
small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of chromosomes |
Gene |
segment of DNA encoding a functional product |
Genome |
one complete copy of the genetic info in a cell |
DNA |
nucleic acid of genetic material in all cells and some viruses |
RNA |
class of nucleic acids that comprises of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA |
Ribosome |
site of protein synthesis in a cell, composed of RNA and protein |
Replication |
when the cell elongates and becomes 2 cells |
Transcription |
copying DNA in the form of RNA, leaving DNA unchanged; process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template |
Central Dogma |
replication, transcription, and translation |
Translation |
use of mRNA to make a protein |
mRNA |
messenger RNA directs incorporation of amino acids into proteins |
tRNA |
transfer RNA brings amino acids to the ribosomal site where they are incorporated into proteins |
rRNA |
ribosomal RNA froms ribosomes |
Operon |
operator and promoter sites and the structure genes they control; put several genes under the same command; not in human cells |
Lac Operon |
required for transport and metabolism of lactose in e. coli |
Trp Operon |
codes for components of tryptophan, not used when tryptophan is present |
Inducible Operon |
early metabolite in the pathway; causes activation of transcription of the genes encoding the enzymes; STARTS TRANSCRIPTION
|
Repressible Operon |
excess quantities of the end product of the pathway; leads to cessation of transcription; ENDS TRANSCRIPTION |
Catabolic Repression |
inhibition of the metabolism of alternate carbon sources by glucose |
Codon |
sequence of 3 nucleiotides in mRNA that specifies the insertion of an amino acid into a polypeptide |
Anticodon |
the 3 nucleiotides by which a tRNA recognizes an mRNA codon |
Ligase |
enzyme that fuses together fragments (Okazaki fragments); join together 2 large molecules by forming a new chemical bond
|
Helicase |
allows for relaxing/opening up of DNA at the replication fork, exposing the single strand; enxyme that hydrolize ATP as they move ahead of the relication fork; ATP dependent |
Okazaki Fragments |
short molecules, single strand DNA, that are formed on the lagging strand of DNA replication |
Reverse Transcription |
convert RNA into DNA; only in viruses |
Replication Fork |
the point where DNA strands separate and new strands are synthesized |
ORI |
Origin of replication; where replication always begins in DNA; here, DNA bulges and creates 2 replication forks |
Bidirectional Replication |
type of DNA replication; creates 2 replication forks moving in opposite directions |
Role of Radiation in Mutation |
type of mutagen (cause mutation); 2 types: ionizing and non-ionizing; increases frequency of mutations |
Mutagen |
something in the environment that causes mutations |
Carcinogen |
any cancer causing substance |
Ames Test |
procedure using bacteria to identidy potential carcinogens; looks for damage to bacterial DNA by looking for metabolic activity being affected by mutation/damage to DNA |
Recombinant DNA Technology |
intentional modification of the genomes or organisms by natural and artificial processes for practical purposes;
|
Tools for Recombinant DNA Technology |
reverse transcriptase restriction enzymes vectors gene libraries |
PCR |
polymerase chain reaction; technique using DNA polymerase to make multiple copies(large numbers) of a DNA template in vetro |
Gel Electrophoresis |
separation of substances (DNA) by their rate of movement through an electrical field; allows scientists to isolate DNA of interest |
Gene Library |
collection of organisms that each contain a piece of the DNA from the host you are working with; may contain all genes of a single chromosome |
Vector |
nucleic acid molecules that carry DNA into a new host; best vectors are small
|
Examples of Vectors |
plasmids, viruses, and transposons |
Prokaryote |
cell whose genetic material is not enclosed in a nuclear envelope |
Eukaryote |
cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane enclosed nucleus |
Monera |
one of 5 kingdoms; most organisms with a prokaryotic cell organization |
Eubacteria |
one of 3 microorganism domains; prokaryotic bacteria; single cell |
Etiology |
study of the cause of diseases |
Virus |
single strand DNA or RNA; submicroscopic, parasitic, filterable agent consisting of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat; use humans as a host |
Capsid |
protein coat of a virus that surrounds the nucleic acid |
Spike |
proteins that protrude/project from the lipid layer of viruses; used for recognition and attachment to the host cell |
Envelope |
outermost layer of viruses; composed of lipids and viral proteins (spikes) |
Plaque Assay |
used to quantify viruses/determine virus concentration; (plaque = area on plate containing dead viruses) the number of plaques relates to the number of infectious particles applied to the plate; how viruses are counted |
Prion |
piece of protein; PrP; infectious agent consisting of a self replicating protein with no detectable nucleic acids |
Virion |
complete, fully developed viral particle |
Viroid |
infectious RNA |
Monolayer |
when growing viruses, done by taking tissue from liver or animal cell and spread on bottom of a flask; tissue attaches to the bottom of the flask with addition of an adhesive substance (the monolayer) |
Tissue Culture |
the growth of tissues; cells separate from the organism |
Interferons |
proteins released & produced by the immune system that attack viruses directly; can kill viruses |
Uncoating |
separation of viral nucleic acid from its protein coat; capsid coat of virus peels off |
Viral Replication Cycle |
formation of biological viruses during the infection process in the target host cells |
Zoonosis / Zoonotic Disease |
disease that is transimitted from animals to human; not usually transferred from human to human |
Icosahedron |
the shape of a virus; regular polyhefron with 20 identical equilateral triangular faces |
Nosocomial Infection |
disease caught and transmitted in a hospital; more prevalent in people that are older people, with weak immune systems, or require hospitalization |
Endotoxin |
part of the structure of gram negative bacteria (outer portion); released when bacteria is killed; very dangerous/toxic; lipopolysaccharides (LPS) |
Exotoxins |
toxic chemicals produced & secreted by (gram positive) bacteria; made from proteins;
|
Enterotoxins |
type of exotoxin that affects the digestive tract (Ex: cholera - a water borne disease) |
Neurotoxins |
type of exotoxin that affects the nerve cells |
Koch's Postulates |
Robert Kock developed 4 postulates that must be used to prove a certain pathogen causes a certain disease. 1. Observation 2. Isolation 3. Re-infection 4. Re-observation |
Pathology |
scientific study of disease |
Contamination |
temporary presence of microorganisms in/on the body |
Infection |
organism has invaded the body and has established itself in the body through multiplying and spreading itself |
Disease |
abnormal condition or function; results only if invading pathogen alters the normal functions of the body; referred to as morbidity |
Reservoirs of Infection |
places microorganisms are found on a normal basis; source of infection |
Animate |
showing characteristics of life; living |
Inanimate |
Not showing characteristics of life; nonliving |
Carrier |
humans or other animals in which the infectious agent is growing and reproducing with little or no visible harm to the current hose; harbors pathogens and transmits them to others |
Chronic Carrier |
people or animals that usually have had the disease and the infectious agent is still present within them; acts as a host without displaying any signs of the disease |
Mode of Transmission |
the way in which an infectious organism is spread |
Direct Contact Transmission |
person to person or reservoir to person; Ex: handshaking, kissing, sex; Ex: common cold, tuberculosis, measles, chicken pox |
Indirect Contact Transmission |
through a fomite (any inanimate object that can carry infectious organisms - germs/parasites) Ex: towels, door knobs, pencils; Ex: anthrax, respiratory virus, water borne and food borne disease |
Droplet Contact Transmission |
not airborne; exposure to liquid droplets from sneeze/cough of infecter person can spread cold or flu virus; can travel meter or less; form of indirect contact |
Vehicle Transmission |
something that carries the organism into your body; Ex: food and water |
Vector Transmission |
insects that directly deposit organism under your skin; Ex: flies, mosquitos, ticks, fleas; Ex: bubonic plague, lyme disease, dengue fever, malaria |
Triangle of Infection |
microbes, host, and environment |
Endemic |
disease that is always present in the environment; low frequency; Ex: common cold |
Pandemic |
spread of a disease throughout the world; Ex: H1N1 flu virus |
Epidemic |
spread of a disease within a country |
Mortality |
death caused by disease |
Morbidity |
disease; condition of being diseased |
Superantigen |
mimic a multiple attack of several different organisms simultaneously; overactivation of the host immune system; can cause stress on the organism |
Symbiosis |
organisms living close together and interacting with each other; ; |
Parasitism |
interaction where one organism feeds off the other and the otehr is harmed but not necessarily killed; symbiotic relationship |
Mutualism |
interaction of 2 organisms in which 2 organisms support and benefit each other; symbiotic relationship |
Antagonism |
interaction in which the parasite harms and kills the host; symbiotic relationship |
Commensalism |
interaction where one organism benefits and the other neither benefits or is harmed; symbiotic relationship |
Mucins |
heavily glycosylated proteins produced by epitheleal tissues in most metazoans |
Lysozyme |
protein that kills the cell wall of bacteria; present in bodily secretions (saliva) |
Lysosome |
organelle containing digestive enzymes |
Phagocytosis |
engulfment/ingestion of bacteria |
LD50 |
lethal dose; number of microorganisms it takes to kill 50% pf the infected population |
ID50 |
infectious dose; number of microorganisms it takes to make 50% of the population sick |
Routes/Portals of Entry |
- skin - mucous membranes (respiratory/GI tract) - placenta (genital tract) - parental route *same as exit |
Portals of Exit |
- skin - mucous membranes (respiratory/GI tract) - placenta (genital tract) - parental route *same as entry |
Parental Route |
one of the routes of entry; when the microorganism bypasses the normal protection/skin; (ex: injection or cut) |
Normal Microbiota |
microorganism that colonize a host without causing disease; normal flora |
Normal Flora |
natural population of microorganisms that live on the surface of the skin |
Virulent |
microorganisms that are non-disease causing because of an inability to make attachment proteins or adhesions; degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism |
Virulence |
relative ability of bacteria to cause disease;; how effective the bacteria are in making people sick |
Capsule |
gel layer that covers and protects the bacteria against phagocytosis; allows better attachment of bacteria to stick together in a biofilm |
Adhesion |
protein that projects from prokaryotic walls;; used for adherance (attachment of microbe/phagocyte to another's plasma membrane or other surface); also called a Ligand |
Extracellular Bacteria |
present in body, but not within cells; Advantage: can easily spread through the body; Disadvantage: constantly being hunted and tracked by immune system |
Intracellular Bacteria |
located within the cells; Advantage: protected against immune system; Disadvantage: confined within the cell |