Mcas Biology: Anatomy And Physiology Test Questions – Flashcards
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skeletal system
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system which creates new blood cells, protects vital organs, allows for movement, and stores calcium
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muscular system
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system which is responsible for moving bones and for moving materials inside the body (in your digestive system, also your heart!)
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digestive system
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system responsible for breaking food into small molecules that can be taken in by cells
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circulatory system
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system which is the transport (of gases, wastes, nutrients, etc) and delivery system of the body
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respiratory system
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system responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide using the lungs (alveoli!)
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excretory system
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the organ system, including the kidneys and bladder, that removes waste materials from the blood
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nervous system
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system that consists of brain, spinal cord, and nerves and regulates the body's responses to internal and external stimuli
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endocrine system
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collection of glands that secrete hormones into the blood which regulate growth, development, and homeostasis
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bone marrow
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a soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells
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tendons
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structures which connect skeletal muscles to bones
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ligaments
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structures that connect bone to bone at joints
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cartilage
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a connective tissue that cushions the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together
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smooth muscle
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Muscle tissue found in the walls of hollow organs, e.g., blood vessels, the digestive tract, etc. Smooth muscle is non-striated, and involuntary
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skeletal muscle
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Voluntary, striated muscle that is attached to and moves bones
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cardiac muscle
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Striated, involuntary muscle found only in the heart
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mechanical digestion
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the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces; occurs in mouth and stomach
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chemical digestion
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the digestion process in which enzymes are used to break foods into their smaller chemical buiding blocks
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esophagus
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a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach
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peristalsis
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wavelike contractions that move food throught the digestive system
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stomach
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churns the food; HCl and pepsin work to chemically digest proteins
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small intestine
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organ that completes the chemical digestion of food and absorbs the nutrients
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villi
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finger-like projections lining the small intestine that absorb the nutrients and diffuse them into the blood
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large intestine
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organ that absorbs water from undigested material
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salivary glands
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produce saliva, which contains the enzyme amylase
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Liver
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makes the bile; also removes toxins from the blood
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gall bladder
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stores the bile
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pancreas
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gland that makes digestive enzymes that break down carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
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bile
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chemical which breaks fats down into smaller globules
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proteases
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enzymes produced by the pancreas to break down protein
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lipases
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enzymes produced by the pancreas to break down lipids (fats)
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sucrase
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enzyme produced by small intestine to break down the disaccharide sucrose
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lactase
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enzyme produced by the small intestine to break down the disaccharide lactose
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amylase
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enzyme produced by salivary glands and pancreas which breaks starch into sugar
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heart
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pumps the blood
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atria
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upper chambers of the heart that receive the blood
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ventricles
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lower chambers of the heart that pump the blood out of the heart
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valves
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ensure that blood flows in one direction only
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pulmonary
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word meaning lungs
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cardio
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word meaning heart
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artery
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blood vessel with thick walls that carries blood AWAY from the heart; most carry oxygen rich blood
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veins
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blood vessel containing valves that carries blood back to the heart; mostly carry oxygen poor blood
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capillaries
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tiny, thin walled vessels that allow molecules to be exchanged
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plasma
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liquid part of the blood that carries nutrients, hormones, etc.
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red blood cells
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type of blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen
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white blood cells
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type of blood cells responsibel for fighting germs
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platelets
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cell part that help clot blood
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pharynx
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passageway for food and air; the throat
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nasal passage
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warns, moistens, and filters incoming air
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hemoglobin
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iron-rich protein in red blood cells that oxygen binds to
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larynx
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passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains the vocal chords
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epiglottis
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flap of cartilage that covers the trachea so food is pushed into the esophagus
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trachea
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tube leading down to the lungs
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cilia
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hair-like structures in the trachea that sweep out particles
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mucus
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sticky substance that helps trap germs
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bronchi
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large branches off the trachea that lead to the lungs
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bronchioles
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smaller branches off the bronchi
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alveoli
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air sacs at the ends of the bronchioles where carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged
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diaphragm
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large muscle involved in allowing the lungs to expand and contract
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carbon dioxide
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gas produced by cellular respiration that is collected by the blood and released from the lungs
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oxygen
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gas brought into lungs and delivered to body cells by red blood cells
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excretion
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getting rid of waste, i.e. carbon dioxide, urea, toxins
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kidney
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organ that filters urea out of the blood
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urea
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nitrogen rich waste product produced by cells breaking down proteins
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urine
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liquid waste composed of water, urea, and salts
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ureter
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tube carring urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
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urinary bladder
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temporarily stores the urine until it can be released from the body
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urethra
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tube leading from urinary bladder to outside the body
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nephron
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tiny filtering unit of the kidney
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filtration in nephron
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removal of water, salt, urea, and glucose from the blood
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absorption in nephron
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return of glucose to the blood, as well as the correct amount of water and salt to maintain homeostasis
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secretion in nephron
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removal of urea, water, and salts
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homeostasis
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steady, internal state
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neuron
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a nerve cell
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dendrites
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branching extensions of neuron that receives messages from neighboring neurons
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axon
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long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body of a neuron
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synapse
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the gap between neurons
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neurotransmitter
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a chemical that is released by a neuron for the purpose of carrying information across the gaps (synapses) between neurons
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sensory neurons
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neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord
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interneurons
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neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally; connect sensory and motor neurons
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motor neurons
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neurons that carry information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
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glands
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organs that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
