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Learning Disability

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Largest Disability category in special education. I disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written.

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PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1972)

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granted a free and appropriate public education to all students with disabilities

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Zero reject

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principle of IDEA that states that no child with a disability can be excluded from a free, appropriate public education

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Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v. Rowley

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court ruling that declared that school districts could not be compelled to provide costly related services if a student with a disability made adequate progress in general education without those services.

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The ultimate goal of No Child Left Behind is

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that all children will be proficient in all subject matter by 2014

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No Child Left Behind places special emphasis on determining the educational programs and practices

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that have clearly demonstrated effectiveness through research

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screening tests

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suggest possible disabilities

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RTI is most often used for

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students with reading problems

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parental consent has been obtained, school districts must complete the evaluation process for a student suspected of having a disability within

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60 days

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Studies comparing the effectiveness of hand raising and the use of response cards indicate that

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students responded more often when using response cards

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specific learning disabilities

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Compared to students of other racial and ethnic groups, African American students are most likely to be identified as having

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teaming

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A special educator and a general educator design assignments and assessments for a student and meet to share results.

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Mrs. Watkins, a fifth grade teacher, and Mrs. Dubois, a special educator want to begin teaching a unit on fractions. They want to keep group size small so they each teach the same lesson to an equal number of students. Which model of co-teaching is described in this scenario?

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Parallel teaching

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least restrictive environment

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Students with disabilities are educated with nondisabled peers to the maximum extent appropriate.

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initial reactions of parents who learn that their child has a disability

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feelings of shock, denial and disbelief

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Effective home-school partnerships are characterized by

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a climate of mutual respect and trust

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a key operational element of family-professional partnerships is

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ongoing two-way communication

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cooperative learning

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A) shared goals B) group recognition for success D) small homogeneous groups

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intellectual disability

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significantly sub average general intellectual functioning, existing with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period.

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adaptive behavior

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degree to which individual meets standards of maturation, learning, independence and responsibility for his/her age

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learned helplessness

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A condition that occurs after a period of negative consequences where the person begins to believe they have no control.

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outer-directedness

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A condition characterized by a loss of confidence in one's own capabilities and a reliance on others for cues and guidance.

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genetic causes of intellectual disabilities

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down syndrome and fragile X syndrome

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Jean Itard

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the first person to develop methods for educating persons with intellectual disabilities

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functional curriculum

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A functional curriculum is one that addresses skills students will need in everyday life. Functional skills are the variety of skills that are frequently demanded in natural domestic, vocational, and community environments. Functional skills are built around real life experiences. The skills involve cooperation between students and teachers in the planning of learning experiences. Instructional programs, especially those for many students with mental retardation, should be built around functional activities that involve skills of immediate usefulness to students and employ teaching materials that are real.

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task analysis

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Breaking down complex skills into smaller subskills or steps to make learning easier

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phonemic awareness

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REFERS TO CHILD'S ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND THAT WORDS HAVE SMALLER COMPONENTS CALLED SOUNDS, AND THAT THESE SOUNDS TOGETHER CREATE SYLLABLES AND WORDS.

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phonological awareness

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an awareness of and the ability to manipulate the sounds of spoken words.

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ABA strategies

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discrete trial training, self-management strategies, naturalistic language strategies

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semantics

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Meaning of words and sentences

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behavior plans

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are required for students with disabilities who have behavior issues that adversely affect school performance

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School-wide Positive Behavior Supports

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use research based interventions to teach appropriate behaviors

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proactive management strategy

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They plan ahead by creating breaks, and opportunities to make choices

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echolalia

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Automatic and immediate repetition of what others say

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pragmatics

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The speakers's intent, used to influence or control actions or attitudes of others

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distortion

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speech error mispronouncing a word

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aphasia

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impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).

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dysarthria

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the inability to use speech that is distinct and connected because of a loss of muscle control after damage to the peripheral or central nervous system

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residual hearing

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Remaining usable hearing in a person with hearing loss

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cochlear implant

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a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

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cued speech

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Mouth shape indicates vowel (along with hand placement), handshapes indicate consonant. There are 8 handshapes and 4 placements. Phonologically based.

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oral/aural

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educational approach emphasizes training in production and understanding if speech

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total communication

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An approach blending both oral and manual communication it is used to teach children with hearing impairments.

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legally blind

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20/100 vision

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speechreading

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using vision as a supplement to audition when communicating

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finger spelling

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A form of manual communication; different positions or movements of the fingers indicate letters of the alphabet

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visual acuity

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the ability to distinguish object details and shape at a distance

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functional vision

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How well students use the vision they have to complete a specific task

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field of vision

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What you see looking straight ahead and at an angle to the left and right

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strabismus

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a disorder in which the eyes point in different directions or are not aligned correctly because the eye muscles are unable to focus together

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nystagmus

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Involuntary rapid eye movements

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parapelegia

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paralysis in both lower limbs

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hemiplegia

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paralysis of one side of the body

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double hemiplegia

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impairment primarily involves the arms, with less severe involvement of the legs

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diplegia

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paralysis affecting like parts on both sides of the body

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shunt

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tube implanted in the body to redirect the flow of a fluid for spina bifida

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complex partial seizure

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impairment of consciousness for a few min or less; eyes open, but cant see , wandering and shouting, loss of memory

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an absence seizure

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a brief loss of consciousness , little movement, usually absence seizures occur in children and they grow out of them

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grand mal seizure

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A seizure characterized by a sudden loss of consciousness and by involuntary muscular contraction, rigidity, and alternating contraction and relaxation of the muscles

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simple partial seizure

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Seizure without a loss of conciousness

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aura

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a warning sensation experienced by someone shortly before a seizure

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comorbidity

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the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

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TASH

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an advocacy organization for people who have significant disabilities and support needs

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IEP goals for students with traumatic brain injury

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may need to be reviewed and modified as much as every 30 days

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positive behavior support

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Phrase that describes preventative and positive interventions designed to create a support environment. ex understanding the function of a behavior, teaching a student a desirable alternative behavior, using natural consequences.

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functional assessment

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this process includes collecting a variety of data to determine a student's specific challenging behaviors, the situations in which behaviors occur, and the consequences that maintain the behavior:

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guilford's structure of intellectual model

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novelty, fluency and flexability

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Renzullis definition of gifted and talented

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interaction among high intellect, creativity, and task commitment

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apgar scale

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A standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns.

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developmentally appropriate practice

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a philosophy and guidelines for basing teaching on what is typically expected of different ages and stages

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twice exceptional

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Students who are gifted and talented but also have a disability

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developmental domain areas

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physical, cognitive, communication, social

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strabismus

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a disorder in which the eyes point in different directions or are not aligned correctly because the eye muscles are unable to focus together

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Speech impairment

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when speech deviates so much from the speech of other people that it calls attention to itself, interferes communication or causes distress to student.

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A child with a communication disorder is eligible for special education services when the disorder

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has an adverse effect on learning

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The most common way to identify a severe discrepancy between expected and actual achievement is"

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Comparing student scores on IQ tests with scores of an achievement test

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low vision

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a child who uses vision as the primary means of learning, but may supplement visual visual information with tactile and auditory input

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functionally blind

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a child with so little vision that she learns primarily through the auditory or tactile senses; however, she may be able to use her limited vision to supplement the information received from the other senses and to assist with certain tasks.

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totally blind

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a student who receives no useful information through the sense of vision and must use tactile and auditory senses for all learning

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impairment

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the loss or reduced function o a particular body part or organ

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disability

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exists when an impairment limits a person's ability to perform certain tasks

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handicapped

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refers to a problem that a person with a disability encounters when interacting with the enviornment

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at risk

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refers to children who are not currently identified as having a disability, but are considered to have greater than usual chance of developing one

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Free and appropriate public education (FAPE)

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at public expense, an IEP must be developed and implemented

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multidisciplinary team

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composed of professionals from different disciplines who work independently of one another. Each team member conducts assessments, plans interventions, and delivers services

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Preventative Special Education

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Keeps a potential problem from becoming a disability. Includes actions that stop an event from happening and reduce negative outcomes of a disability

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Remedial Special Education

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Attempts to eliminate specific effects of a disability to teach the person with disabilities the skills for independent functioning

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Compensatory Special Education

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Teaching a substitute skill that enables a person to engage in an activity or perform a task in spite of a disability. (assistive device)

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Special education

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a purposeful intervention designed to prevent, eliminate or overcome the obstacles that might keep a child with disabilities from learning and from full participation in school.

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Emotional or behavioral disorders

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A disability that is characterized by emotional or behavior response in school programs so different from appropriate age, cultural or ethnic norms that the responses adversely affect educational performance.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder

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a developmental disability affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction.

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communication disorder

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an impairment in the ability to receive, send, process and comprehend concepts or verbal, nonverbal and graphic symbol systems.

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language impairment

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Impaired comprehension or use of spoken, written or other symbol systems.

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cerebral palsy

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a disorder of involuntary movement and posture. Could include paralysis, extreme weakness, lack of coordination, involuntary motor functions

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Spina Bifida

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the vertebrae does not enclose the spinal cord.

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developmental delay

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significant delays or atypical patterns of development that make children eligible for early intervention

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apartment cluster

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a small number of apartments housing people with disabilities and another nearby apartment for a support person

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co-residence apartment

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shared by an individual with disabilities and a roommate without disabilities

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maximum-independence apartment

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these adults have all of the self-care and daily living skills required to take care of themselves on a day to day basis.

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