Mastering Health chapter 1 & 2 – Flashcards
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1) Which of the following individual choices has a major effect on both current health and projected life expectancy?
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D) Smoking
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2) The medical model of health would most likely focus on which of the following?
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C) Treating bacterial infections with antibiotics
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3) The number of years a person is anticipated to live based on conditions at the time of birth is
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A) life expectancy.
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4) Which of the following were cited by college students in a national survey as major impediments to performing well academically?
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B) Stress, anxiety, and sleep difficulties
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5) What is the leading cause of death in the United States across all age groups?
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A) Heart disease
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6) Which of the following describes the rate of deaths within a certain population?
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C) Mortality
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7) Heart disease, cancer, and diabetes are examples of
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A) chronic disease.
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8) Since the early 20th century, the life expectancy of Americans has
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C) increased by more than 30 years.
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9) Healthy life expectancy refers to the number of years a person can expect to live
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B) without chronic pain, disability, or significant illness.
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10) Life expectancy 100 years ago was largely determined by
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D) susceptibility to infectious disease.
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11) The term health is often interchangeable with the term
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C) wellness.
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12) Jerome eats healthy foods, exercises regularly, gets eight hours of sleep each night, and rarely becomes ill. His ability to ward off illness is related to which dimension of health?
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C) Physical
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13) Jasmine has many friends, is respected by her coworkers, and maintains a great relationship with her boyfriend. Her ability to interact with others exemplifies which dimension of health?
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A) Social
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14) Rashid volunteers weekly to help pick up trash in his neighborhood. This action contributes to improving which dimension of his health?
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C) Environmental
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15) Which of the following best describes emotional health?
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C) Ability to express or control feelings
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16) An example of intellectual health is
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D) having a healthy curiosity about life in general.
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17) Which of the following best describes spiritual health?
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A) Possessing and expressing a purpose in life
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18) A multidimensional concept of health that includes elements of physical, mental, emotional, and social function is
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C) health-related quality of life.
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19) The first step in modifying your health behavior to achieve overall wellness is to
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B) become aware of individual behaviors that contribute to or detract from your health.
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20) Holistic wellness involves
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A) integrating mind, body, and spiritual components.
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21) The range of factors that influence a person's health status are known as
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B) determinants of health.
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22) Determinants of health include
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A) personal, social, economic, and environmental factors.
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23) Which of the following methods is an example of successful lifestyle change?
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C) Beginning a daily walking program and gradually increasing your time and distance
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24) Jackson made a goal to quit smoking by the end of the year through a lot of hard work and willpower. When he achieved this goal, he bought himself a new car. This is an example of
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C) positive reinforcement.
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25) Moving from thinking about starting an exercise program to joining a club, working with a trainer to set goals, and showing up for workouts is an example of which model of behavior change?
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C) Transtheoretical model
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26) Tasks that are necessary for normal functioning in society are known as
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A) activities of daily living.
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27) Mark is a junior in college and plans to move to his own apartment before his senior year. He hopes to quit drinking, get more sleep, and spend more time exercising and studying instead of spending so much of his free time on Facebook. The best plan for Mark to succeed is for him to
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C) select the most important behavior to change and take things one step at a time.
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28) Which of the following factors would be considered a nonmodifiable determinant of health?
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D) Genetics
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29) Which of the following is an example of a belief?
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B) Thinking that smoking is unhealthy and causes cancer
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30) Marissa has tried to quit smoking several times but ultimately failed because she lost motivation and didn't believe she could succeed. Which of the following may have contributed to her failure?
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C) She has a strong external locus of control.
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31) Because both of John's parents smoke, John has a higher-than-average chance of being a smoker. This is an example of
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B) a predisposing factor.
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32) Which of the following best describes an enabling factor?
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A) Living near a hiking trail when you want to begin a walking program
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33) Poor housing, lack of funds for adequate food and clothes, and insecure employment are which type of factors that negatively affect human health?
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B) Economic
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34) Carrie grew up in an active family. Now that Carrie lives on her own, her family continues to check in to see if she is making time for exercise. They praise her for joining a fitness club and keeping to a workout schedule. This is an example of
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C) a reinforcing factor.
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35) Which model explains why a young woman who smokes is NOT likely to quit because she does not think she will get lung disease, and quitting will result in weight gain?
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A) Health belief model
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36) Maria's husband has agreed to join her in an exercise program. They've scheduled times to meet to run at a local park. This is an example of
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B) social support.
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37) Agents in the physical environment that can be harmful to health include which of the following?
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B) Toxins
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38) Which of the following groups of actions would most likely reduce a person's risk of premature death?
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A) Not smoking, avoiding junk foods, and maintaining a healthy weight
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39) Setting achievable and incremental goals and rewarding yourself for progress are proven tips for maintaining
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B) motivation for behavior change.
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40) Selective smoking bans and child restraint laws designed to protect the health of citizens are examples of
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B) public policies.
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41) The perceived source or cause (internal or external) of events in a person's life is known as his or her
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A) locus of control.
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42) Jules is trying to lose weight. When she craves a high-fat treat from the local ice cream shop, she is prepared to allow herself a cup of low-fat frozen yogurt in her favorite flavor. The tactic she is using to avoid eating more calories is
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D) countering.
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43) An example of shaping is
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A) starting with small changes in behavior and gradually increasing the changes.
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44) Using rational, positive statements and deliberately blocking negative thoughts are ways to avoid negative
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C) self-talk.
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45) Visualizing yourself successfully losing 15 pounds by choosing healthy foods at your favorite restaurant is an example of
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C) imagined rehearsal.
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46) Rewarding yourself for reaching your weight loss goal with a trip to Hawaii is an example of which type of reinforcer?
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A) Activity
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47) Observing a friend's success at quitting smoking has helped you to quit a few months later, which demonstrates the process of
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D) modeling.
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48) Carlos wants to avoid overeating and eating unhealthy food. Because of this, he may decline invitations when his friends ask him to join them at a fast food restaurant. Which method is Carlos using to control the risk of overeating?
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D) Situational inducement
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49) Which of the following is the best example of a realistic, specific, and attainable goal?
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B) I will lose 1 pound a week over the next four weeks.
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50) Lower health insurance rates for nonsmokers serves as which type of reinforcer?
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B) Manipulative
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51) Behavior is a nonmodifiable determinant.
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Answer: FALSE
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52) Health disparities are differences in the levels of health and disease among specific population groups, such as the low-income or uninsured.
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Answer: TRUE
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53) More people across all age groups die from cancer than any other chronic disease.
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Answer: FALSE
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54) Daily choices influence an individual's health status and well-being.
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Answer: TRUE
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55) The medical model of health focuses on the individual's reaction to his or her social and physical environment.
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Answer: FALSE
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56) In the early 1900s, the ecological model or public health model became a major focus of health investigation.
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Answer: TRUE
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57) Effectively controlling anger demonstrates intellectual health.
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Answer: FALSE
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58) The primary goal of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 is to provide access to health insurance for millions of uninsured Americans.
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Answer: TRUE
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59) Today, quality of life is recognized as being as important as years of life.
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Answer: TRUE
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60) According to morbidity and mortality statistics, in the 21st century, a person is more likely to die from an infectious disease rather than from a chronic disease.
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Answer: FALSE
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61) Tran is a 47-year-old-male who suffered a knee injury in high school while playing football. This injury is a biological determinant of health.
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Answer: TRUE
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62) The average life expectancy for an American child born in 2012 is 78.5 years.
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Answer: TRUE
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63) Obesity creates a burden on the overall U.S. economy.
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Answer: TRUE
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64) Mortality is defined as the proportion of deaths to the population.
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Answer: TRUE
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65) Under the Affordable Care Act, new health plans are banned from imposing deductibles.
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Answer: FALSE
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66) Life expectancy may decline in coming years due to the prevalence of obesity and sedentary lifestyles.
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Answer: TRUE
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67) Today, the concept of adaptability is a key element in the overall definition of health.
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Answer: TRUE
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68) Believing that you will be able to run two mile miles without stopping by the end of the semester demonstrates self-efficacy.
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Answer: TRUE
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69) A person who has the attitude, knowledge, skills, and resources to make change possible possesses ambition.
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Answer: FALSE
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70) Learning communication and relationship skills can enhance the social dimension of health.
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Answer: TRUE
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71) Having high self-esteem always improves the intellectual dimension of health.
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Answer: FALSE
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72) Losing your temper because someone said something that made you angry demonstrates an external locus of control.
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Answer: TRUE
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73) Developing better problem-solving and decision-making skills enhances the emotional dimension of health.
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Answer: FALSE
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74) Positive reinforcers are punishments for not accomplishing goals.
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Answer: FALSE
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75) Actions taken or changes in behavior designed to treat an existing illness are part of disease prevention.
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Answer: FALSE
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76) Spiritual health encompasses more than simply religious beliefs.
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Answer: TRUE
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77) Attaining the optimal level of well-being for your unique limitations and strengths is known as wellness.
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Answer: TRUE
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78) Adolescent teens having access to cigarette vending machines is an example of a positive reinforcing factor that can influence smoking behavior.
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Answer: FALSE
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79) Healthy People 2020 is the Surgeon General's health promotion plan to improve the quality of life and years of life for all Americans.
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Answer: TRUE
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80) Global warming, decreased water supplies, and toxic chemicals are serious health threats with far-reaching effects worldwide.
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Answer: TRUE
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81) Risk behaviors are those actions that increase the likelihood of negative health outcomes.
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Answer: TRUE
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82) The Summary Plan Description (SPD) explains covered services, benefits, deductibles, copays, and network rules under a specific health insurance plan.
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Answer: TRUE
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83) A reinforcing factor of your weight management program would be having your clothes fit better.
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Answer: TRUE
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84) Locus of control may be internal or external.
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Answer: TRUE
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85) Asking your doctor to help you obtain the lowest-cost care is inappropriate.
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Answer: FALSE
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86) A consumable reinforcer could be a healthy edible item that you enjoy.
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Answer: TRUE
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87) The three components of the social cognitive model of behavior change are thoughts, behavior, and genetics.
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Answer: FALSE
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88) When a person who wants to eat healthier and lose weight clears out unhealthy foods from the refrigerator and pantry, this is an example of situational inducement.
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Answer: TRUE
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89) Economic status and geographic location have very little influence on a person's health status.
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Answer: FALSE
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90) Obesity, sedentary lifestyles, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and illegal drug use result in direct and indirect costs to society.
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Answer: TRUE
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91) List and briefly explain the six steps of the transtheoretical (stages of change) model of behavior change.
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1. Precontemplation - no current intention to change. 2. Contemplation - recognizing there is a problem but not yet planning to change. 3. Preparation - coming up with a plan for change. 4. Action - taking real steps to achieve goals. 5. Maintenance - continues to make changes a permanent part of life. 6. Termination - new behavior has become part of daily living, so ongoing vigilance may not be needed.
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92) Explain the purpose of a behavior change contract and how it can help you make a positive change.
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A behavior change contract functions as a promise to yourself, a public declaration of your intentions, an organized plan for change, a way to identify barriers to change and determine how to overcome them, a list of sources of support, and a reminder of the benefits of sticking to your plan.
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93) Compare and contrast the medical model and public health models of health.
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The medical model focuses on the individual, his or her tissues and organs, and the diagnosis and treatment of disease. The public health model (also known as the ecological model) views diseases and negative health events as resulting from an individual interacting with his or her social and physical environment.
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94) Explain the nature of SMART goals.
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SMART goals are: Specific - with a defined outcome Measurable - can be objectively observed and measured Action-oriented - involve specific tasks or actions Realistic - are likely to be accomplished Time-oriented - involve the commitment of a specific amount of time
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95) When analyzing your behavior prior to making a change, which factors must you examine before making your plan?
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You should examine your current health habit and patterns, including: How long has the behavior been going on? How frequently does the behavior occur? How serious are the short-term and long-term consequences of this behavior? Why have you continued this problematic behavior? What kinds of situations trigger the behavior? Are other people involved? If yes, how do they influence your behavior?
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96) What is self-efficacy, and why is it important in making a behavior change?
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Self-efficacy is an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task successfully and of achieving specific goals. If an individual approaches a behavior change with a high level of self-efficacy, his or her chances of success will be much greater.
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97) Differentiate between the health belief model, social cognitive model, and transtheoretical (stages of change) model of behavior change.
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1. The health belief model addresses three factors that must exist before a person can make a change: the perceived seriousness of the potential health problem; the perceived susceptibility to the problem, and cues to action, alerts or reminders to take preventive action. 2. The social cognitive model is based on the concept that three elements interact to motivate and enable change: a person's thoughts, behaviors, and the social environment. 3. The transtheoretical model views change in six stages: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination.
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98) You want to improve your health by initiating an exercise program. Describe at least three ways you can maintain your motivation for regular exercise.
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Any three of the following: Pick one specific behavior to change and assess that behavior. Set achievable, incremental goals. Reward yourself for achieving goals. Anticipate and avoid barriers and temptations. Remind yourself why you want to change. Enlist help and support from others. Don't be discouraged by relapses, just get back on track.
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99) List at least three common barriers to behavior change.
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Any three of the following: Setting overambitious goals Holding on to self-defeating beliefs and attitudes Not accurately assessing your current state of wellness or fitness Not having adequate support or guidance Allowing negative emotions to sabotage your efforts
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100) Define self-talk and explain how you can use it to help your efforts toward change.
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Self-talk is your usual manner of thinking and talking to yourself (the voice in your head) that can affect your self-image and behavior. Deliberately changing your self-talk can have a big influence on behavior change by: Using rational, positive statements Blocking or stopping negative thoughts when they occur Not dwelling on negative thoughts or images and focusing on more positive, uplifting, and encouraging thoughts
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1) The term psychological health encompasses which four dimensions of health?
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D) Mental, emotional, social, and spiritual
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2) People who feel good about themselves, deal effectively with life's challenges, and have positive social relationships are known as
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C) psychologically healthy.
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3) According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, an individual's
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B) basic survival needs must be met before he or she can address more complex needs.
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4) Lana is entering college in the fall. She will be living away from home for the first time and will be responsible for managing her own schedule and finances. If Lana is psychologically healthy, she will react to this situation by
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B) becoming more independent.
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5) Which of the following dimensions of psychological health includes a person's attitudes, beliefs, and problem-solving skills?
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A) Mental health
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6) Intensified feelings or complex patterns of feelings that we experience are known as
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B) emotions.
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7) The degree and nature of a person's relationships with friends, family, and others are known as
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C) social bonds.
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8) Self-actualization can best be described as a sense of
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C) creativity and fulfillment of potential.
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9) The ability to listen, to express oneself, to act responsibly, and to form healthy attachments with others are important aspects of
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A) social health.
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10) Believing in a force or higher power that gives meaning to life and leads to a sense of purpose and connection with others is
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D) spiritual health.
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11) Which of the following statements most accurately describes the role of families in the development of psychological health?
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D) A nurturing family fosters the development of psychological health, but it can be achieved without it.
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12) A family situation in which there is violence; physical, emotional, or sexual abuse; parental discord; or other negative interactions
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A) may psychologically damage family members.
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13) Extroversion, introversion, and level of emotional stability are
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B) personality traits.
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14) Max wants to get in better physical shape and lose 10 pounds. His belief about whether he can successfully begin and maintain a fitness program is directly related to his level of
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D) self-efficacy.
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15) Successfully adapting to change, dealing with stress, and bouncing back from life's inevitable disappointments demonstrates
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B) resiliency.
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16) In the last three years, Nathan has experienced a failed marriage, the loss of a job, and bankruptcy. When he develops a serious health problem, he seems to have completely given up and is making little effort to follow his doctor's instructions to get well. Nathan has developed a pattern known as
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A) learned helplessness.
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17) According to Maslow's hierarchy, human needs are ranked in the following ascending order:
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B) Survival, security, social, esteem, self-actualization
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18) Which principle described by psychologist Martin Seligman fosters an overall positive attitude by using thinking and behavior techniques to resist negativity?
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C) Learned optimism
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19) Which of the following personality traits involves the ability to be likable and to cooperate with others?
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A) Agreeableness
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20) Adele values her unique qualities and abilities and has a realistic sense of her worth as a person; she would be described as having a high level of
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D) self-esteem.
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21) Studies suggest that happiness may
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A) reduce the risk for cardiovascular disease.
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22) Which statement is true about mental health?
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A) Mental health problems can affect all age groups and are prevalent among college students.
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23) Which of the following is the most common mood disorder?
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A) Major depression
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24) Erin is concerned because she has been feeling discouraged by her circumstances and is experiencing feelings of guilt, worthlessness, sadness, and despair. Based on her symptoms, which of the following conditions would be a likely diagnosis?
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D) Depression
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25) Which type of anxiety disorder occurs after a violent or extremely negative event and can cause acute anxiety or nervousness, nightmares, flashbacks, insomnia, and a state of dissociation?
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C) Post-traumatic stress disorder
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26) Lizbet seems to be on an emotional roller coaster. Her moods swing from one extreme to another, from a euphoric high to major depression. Lisa is most likely suffering from
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D) bipolar disorder.
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27) Which of the following is an example of the behavior of a person who is in the manic phase of bipolar disorder?
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A) Talkative and highly energetic
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28) Which of the following factors can play a role in triggering episodes of bipolar disorder?
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C) Drug abuse or a stressful event
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29) Which statement is true about depression in men?
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D) Suicide rates among depressed men are four times those of depressed women.
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30) Which of the following is an anxiety disorder that involves an irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation?
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B) Phobia
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31) Heather is always tired, tense, and irritable. She has difficulty concentrating on routine tasks and trouble sleeping. She's had these symptoms for the last six months. Her behavior is most characteristic of
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D) generalized anxiety disorder.
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32) Denise often experiences sudden bursts of acute anxiety known as
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B) panic attacks.
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33) Which of the following is true about a major depressive disorder?
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B) Symptoms include physical exhaustion and an inability to concentrate.
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34) Anthony served time in prison for selling drugs to finance his college education. Five years after his release, he has a stable job and a family. He begins to worry constantly that his children will find out about his "secret" past and lose respect for him. Anthony takes as many as 10 showers a day even though he realizes that this senseless behavior will not wash away his past. He is most likely suffering from
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B) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
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35) Ana suffers from a persistent and unreasonable fear of snakes. She panics even if she sees the image of a snake on television. Ana is most likely suffering from a(n)
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C) phobia.
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36) A person with social phobia is most fearful of
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B) public gatherings.
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37) Biology, the environment, and social and cultural roles have been cited as factors that cause
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D) anxiety disorders.
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38) Which of the following is most characteristic of anxiety disorders?
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C) Persistent feelings of threat and worry
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39) Intentionally injuring oneself as a coping mechanism to deal with difficult or negative emotions is known as
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A) self-mutilation.
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40) Seasonal affective disorder is associated with
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D) reduced exposure to sunlight.
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41) Which of the following has been shown to be the most beneficial treatment for seasonal affective disorder?
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C) Light therapy
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42) Michael experiences hallucinations and erratic changes in his behaviors, movements, and emotions. He has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Which of the following has the best potential to help him lead a normal life?
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B) Medication and psychotherapy
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43) Which of the following statements about schizophrenia is true?
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B) It is a biological disease of the brain.
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44) Which of the following statements about suicide is true?
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B) College students are more likely to attempt suicide than the general population.
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45) Which of the following personality disorders involves extreme self-absorption and an exaggerated sense of one's importance?
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D) Narcissistic personality disorder
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46) Which of the following personality disorders involves a deep mistrust of others and secretiveness?
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B) Paranoid personality disorder
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47) Which of the following personality disorders involves mood swings, impulsiveness, and frequently engaging in risky behaviors?
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A) Borderline personality disorder
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48) Approximately how many Americans seek help from mental health professionals at some point in their lives?
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B) 1 in 5
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49) If you think you have a psychological problem and need treatment, what should you do first?
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B) Schedule a complete exam and evaluation by a physician.
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50) Paulo's therapist gave him a prescription for an antidepressant. Which type of mental health professional does he see?
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B) Psychiatrist
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51) According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, failure to meet one of the lower-level needs will not interfere with a person's ability to reach self-actualization.
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FALSE
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52) Psychological health encompasses the mental, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions of health.
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TRUE
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53) A psychologically healthy person becomes easily frustrated by stressful situations.
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FALSE
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54) The term emotional health is often used to describe the "thinking" aspect of psychological health.
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FALSE
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55) A person's social and intellectual health are unaffected by emotional health.
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FALSE
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56) The terms spirituality and religion have the same meaning and may be used interchangeably.
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FALSE
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57) Children raised in a nurturing, happy environment are assured of psychological health as adults.
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FALSE
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58) Personality is genetic and can never be changed.
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FALSE
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59) Children from dysfunctional families may attain psychological health.
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TRUE
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60) The communities to which an individual belongs have no impact on psychological health.
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FALSE
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61) An individual with high self-efficacy would have confidence in his or her ability to change past eating habits by making healthier choices in the future.
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TRUE
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62) Resiliency is a personality trait that is unrelated to psychological health.
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FALSE
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63) Self-esteem includes taking pride in your accomplishments.
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TRUE
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64) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosed in childhood often resolves by the early 20s.
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FALSE
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65) An individual who continually experiences failure may develop a pattern of behavior known as learned helplessness.
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TRUE
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66) A person who experiences persistent emotional states such as sadness or hopelessness may be suffering from an acute mood disorder.
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FALSE
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67) To achieve subjective well-being, one must learn to be happy and upbeat all the time.
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FALSE
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68) Happiness can be enhanced by practicing positive self-talk.
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TRUE
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69) Adults with ADHD are not likely to have another mental or learning disorder.
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FALSE
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70) Post-traumatic stress disorder develops only in people who have experienced combat or who have been present in war zones.
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FALSE
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71) Laughter may lower an individual's risk of cardiovascular disease.
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TRUE
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72) Depression is the most common anxiety disorder.
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FALSE
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73) Mental health problems often affect academic and work performance.
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TRUE
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74) Social phobia, also known as social anxiety disorder, involves persistent fears and avoidance of being in social situations.
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TRUE
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75) Individuals with borderline personality disorder engage in risky behaviors such as unsafe sex, dangerous driving, and drug use.
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TRUE
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76) Schizophrenia is treatable but not curable with current treatment methods.
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TRUE
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77) Women are less likely than men to commit suicide by using some type of drug or poison.
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FALSE
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78) A person who has been depressed for an extended period of time is at an increased risk for committing suicide.
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TRUE
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79) Psychologists are trained as medical doctors and can prescribe medications.
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FALSE
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80) Extroversion is a personality trait characterized by the tendency to be outgoing, assertive, and able to adapt easily to various social situations.
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TRUE
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81) Self-actualization needs involve creativity, spirituality, and fulfillment of one's individual potential.
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TRUE
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82) According to Maslow's hierarchy, food, water, sleep, and shelter are security needs.
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FALSE
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83) The symptoms of the severe anxiety reaction known as a panic attack can mimic those of a heart attack.
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TRUE
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84) Emotions are described as an interplay of physiological arousal, feelings, thoughts, and behavioral reactions.
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TRUE
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85) Emotional bonds reflect the level of closeness and attachment that we develop with other people.
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FALSE
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86) Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible and abnormal patterns of thought and behaviors that are outside of social norms.
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TRUE
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87) Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of the interactions of behavioral, neural, and cardiovascular functions as they relate to the functioning of the immune system.
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FALSE
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88) Today, depression is occurring less frequently among children between the ages of 6 and 12.
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FALSE
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89) Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify, understand, and manage one's emotions in positive and constructive ways.
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TRUE
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90) A negative perception about a group of people, such as those with mental illness, is known as a stigma.
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TRUE
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91) Describe at least four qualities of psychologically healthy people.
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(any four of the following): 1. They feel good about themselves; they have a healthy sense of self-respect and a realistic sense of their own capabilities. 2. They feel comfortable with other people, respect others, and have compassion. 3. They effectively manage stress and control tension and anxiety. 4. They meet the demands of life, accept responsibility, and can solve problems. 5. They do not act on feelings of hate or guilt; they reach out to help others. 6. They maintain a positive outlook. 7. They value diversity. 8. They appreciate and respect nature.
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92) Differentiate between the concepts of mental health and emotional health. Give examples of each.
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Mental health refers to the thinking or rational dimension of psychological health. Emotional health refers to the feeling, or subjective aspect of psychological health. Examples will vary.
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93) Describe at least three of the six personality traits that psychologically healthy people possess.
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(any three of the following): 1. Extroversion - demonstrating assertiveness and the ability to easily adapt to social situations. 2. Agreeableness - ability to conform, be likable, and be cooperative. 3. Openness to experience - demonstrating curiosity and independence. 4. Emotional stability - ability to maintain emotional control. 5. Conscientiousness - being dependable and demonstrating self-control, discipline, and a need to achieve. 6. Resiliency - the ability to adapt to change and stressful events in healthy and flexible ways.
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94) List at least four ways to build your self-efficacy and self-esteem.
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(any four of the following): 1. Pay attention to your own needs and wants. 2. Make a list of things that make you happy and do at least one from the list each day. 3. Do things you are good at and enjoy the satisfaction of a job well done. 4. Do a task you have been putting off to give yourself a sense of accomplishment. 5. Give yourself appropriate rewards. 6. Don't engage in self-criticism. 7. Make a list of your good qualities and practice affirmations. 8. Spend time with people who appreciate you. 9. Take time to reflect on your achievements, friends, or special memories. 10. Take advantage of opportunities to learn something new. 11. Do something nice for another person or for an animal.
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95) Explain three reasons that have been proposed for the higher numbers of women who suffer from depression as compared to men.
answer
1. Women appear to be at greater risk for depression when hormone levels change significantly; men's hormones are more stable throughout life. 2. Women are under more stress that can lead to depression; this stress is often related to multiple responsibilities as a spouse or partner, caregiver for children and/or elderly parents, plus work/career responsibilities. 3. Gender differences in coping strategies: women tend to focus on negative feelings, while men tend to distract themselves from a depressed mood through alcohol, drugs, or activity.
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96) List at least four risk factors for suicide.
answer
(any four of the following): 1. Family history of suicide 2. Previous suicide attempt 3. Excessive drug and/or alcohol use 4. Prolonged depression 5. Financial difficulties 6. Serious illness in oneself or a loved one 7. Loss of a loved one through death or rejection
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97) List at least five warning signs that might indicate a person is contemplating suicide.
answer
(any five of the following): 1. Recent loss and inability to let go of grief 2. Change in personality 3. Change in behavior - lack of concentration, loss of interest in activities, unexplained demonstration of happiness after a period of depression 4. Diminished sexual interest or sexual dysfunction 5. Change in sleep and/or eating habits 6. Expression of self-hatred 7. Excessive risk-taking 8. Direct or indirect statement about suicide 9. Making final preparations such as writing a will or giving away prized possessions 10. Preoccupation with themes of death 11. Marked changes in personal appearance
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98) If you have observed what you believe to be warning signs of suicide in a friend, list at least four actions you should take.
answer
(any four of the following): 1. Monitor warning signs 2. Take threats seriously 3. Let the person know you care 4. Ask directly if he or she is thinking about suicide 5. Do not belittle his or her feelings 6. Help think about alternatives and encourage him or her to get help 7. Let people close to the person know your suspicions
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99) List at least four indications that a person should seek help from a mental health professional.
answer
(any four of the following): 1. Feeling the need for help or feeling out of control 2. Experiencing extreme mood swings or inappropriate responses 3. Experiencing excessive feelings of guilt 4. Withdrawing from others or from normal activities 5. Experiencing hallucinations 6. Feeling worthless or that life is not worth living 7. Life becomes one crisis after another 8. Considering suicide 9. Turning to drugs or alcohol to escape problems
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100) Explain the difference between cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy.
answer
Cognitive therapy focuses on how thoughts and ideas influence feelings and behavior. Behavioral therapy focuses on changing a person's actions to establish healthier behavior patterns.
