question

A cluster of neurons in the peripheral nervous system is called a

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ganglion

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Oligodendrocytes form myelin around

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several axons

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Vesicles in the axon terminal contain

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neurotransmitters

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You have lost the sensation, but not movement, in one of your hands due to a problem with your neurons. Based upon these symptoms, what type of neuron was most likely affected

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afferent neuron

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You are examining a neuron under the microscope. It appears as a round cell without visible processes. What is true of this neuron

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It is likely to be a unipolar neuron, it is located in the PNS (peripheral nervous system), and it is most likely a sensory neuron

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Multipolar neurons in the brain are likely to be

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interneurons

question

A demyelinating disease affects

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Schwann cells

question

What is true about tracts and nerves

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tracts lack connective tissue coverings

question

An action potential results from

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a change in the permeability of the neuron to Na+ followed by a change in the permeability to K+

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The ionic concentrations in the interior and exterior of body cells

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reveal an excess of Na+ ions in the extracellular fluid

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This part of the peripheral nervous system controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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autonomic nervous system

question

White matter of the CNS consists of

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fiber tracts

question

The thalamus and the hypothalamus are structures found in the

answer

diencephalon

question

This part of the brain stem is continuous with the spinal cord

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medulla oblongata

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The corpus collosum

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consists of fibers that connect the cerebral hemispheres

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Three meninges cover the brain and spinal cord. The innermost one is called the

answer

pia mater

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Which of the cranial nerves below is purely sensory

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optic

question

The precentral gyrus

answer

is a center for audition

question

The basal ganglia

answer

are involved in regulating voluntary motor activities

question

Cerebrospinal fluid formed in the lateral ventricles travels through the ______________ to reach the third ventricle

answer

interventricular foramen

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This purely sensory cranial nerve carries signals associated with vision

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optic

question

What is true about cranial nerves

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They move the eyeball

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This extension of one of the meninges covering the spinal cord attaches it to the coccyx

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filum terminale

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This nerve, arising from the cervical plexus, is essential for normal breathing

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phrenic

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The preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) are located in the

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lateral horns of T1 to L2 of the spinal cord

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The ganglia of the parasympathetic division of the ANS are located

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within the walls of, or close to, the organs served

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The following structures are innervated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS

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heart, lungs, stomach, and intestines

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The postganglionic axons of sympathetic neurons are

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adrenergic fibers; they release norepinephrine

question

What functional type of neuron is found in the dorsal root ganglion

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sensory

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Somatosensory functions are carried out in this part of the spinal cord

answer

dorsal columns and horns

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Ventral roots of spinal nerves are purely or primarily

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motor

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The autonomic nervous system

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has two subdivisions through which signals are sent from the spinal cord to effector organs

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The sympathetic pathway has _______ preganglionic fibers and _________ postganglionic fibers

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short; long

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Which structure is innervated only by the sympathetic division of the ANS

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skin

question

What is the first event associated with a reflex

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the receptor detects a stimulus

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Name the receptor for the stretch reflex

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muscle spindle (indicates stretch on the muscle)

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The pupillary light reflex is an example of a(n)

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autonomic reflex

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Reflex arcs are similar to negative and positive feedback control systems for homeostasis in that they have

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the same elements (receptor, integrating center, and effector), the same pathways (afferent path toward integrating center, efferent path away from integrating center), and a similar function (to protect the body from harm caused by homeostatic imbalances or external events)

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An abnormal plantar reflex in an adult produces Babinski's sign which indicates

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damage to the corticospinal tract

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The functions of the pupillary responses include

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protecting the retina from damage by bright light

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General sensory receptors respond to many stimuli, including

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touch

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Interoceptors are located

answer

in internal visceral organs

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Pacinian (lamellated) corpuscles are an example of

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an elaborate encapsulated nerve ending

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The two-point discrimination test is used to determine

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the density of touch receptors

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Referred pain is

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pain perceived as arising in one area when a different area is receiving the painful stimulus

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A muscle spindle is an example of a(n)

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proprioceptor

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Meissner's corpuscles and tactile (Merkel) discs are located

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in the skin

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The lacrimal apparatus produces a watery solution known as

answer

tears

question

Of the glands listed here, which one produces the oily substance that covers the conjunctiva

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tarsal glands

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The suspensory ligament (ciliary zonule) holds this structure in front of the pupil

answer

lens

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The inner layer of the retina

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is a transparent neural layer

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The photoreceptors in the retina that detect light are

answer

rods and cones

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The normal, or________, eye accomodates properly

answer

emmetropic

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Astigmatism

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results from irregular curvatures of the lens or cornea

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This extrinsic eye muscle elevates the eye and turns it medially

answer

superior rectus

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A cataract is

answer

a change in the lens, rendering it hard and opaque

question

The rods of the retina

answer

are absent in the fovea centralis

question

Many older individuals develop presbyopia, a condition in which

answer

the near point of accommodation becomes farther away

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Color blindness is tested using

answer

ishihara plates

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This type of examination allows one to study the interior of the eyeball

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an opthalmoscopic examination

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The middle ear

answer

carries and amplifies the vibrations of sound waves across three little bones

question

The bony labyrinth is part of the

answer

internal ear

question

The receptor cells for hearing lie within the______ in the ____________

answer

scala media (cochlear duct); spiral organ (organ of Corti)

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The cochlear duct (scala media) contains

answer

endolymph

question

The hair cells that detect sound vibrations lie on the _________ membrane

answer

basilar

question

Pressure waves passing through the perilymph of the cochlea compress the vestibular membrane, and ultimately displace the basilar membrane. What is true of these waves

answer

High frequency waves (high notes) depress the basilar membrane closest to the middle ear

question

Within the vestibular apparatus, this structure is involved in dynamic equilibrium

answer

the semicircular canals

question

The name of the receptor region containing hair cells involved in detecting static equilibrium is

answer

crista ampullaris

question

The pharyngotympanic (auditory) tube connects the __________ to the nasopharynx

answer

middle ear

question

Sensorineural deafness results from damage to neural structures for hearing, from the auditory hair cells through cells in auditory cortex. Which of the following might cause sensorineural deafness

answer

listening to very loud music on a daily basis

question

Tests for conduction deafness include

answer

audiometry testing

question

What factors might account for conduction deafness

answer

otitis media and inner ear infections

question

What is true of both the mechanism of hearing and the mechanism of equilibrium

answer

Sound waves (hearing) and head location/movements in space (equilibrium) are both detected by hair receptor cells that are neurons

question

Which of the following are good tests of the equilibrium apparatus

answer

Walking in a straight line placing one foot in front of the other Standing and simultaneously beginning a task that requires mental concentration Being rotated on a chair after which the observers look for nystagmus

question

Of the following tests of balance, which one demonstrates that vision is important for balance

answer

being rotated on a chair, after which the observers look for nystagmus

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