Management theory & Practice Final (14,15,16) Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
____ is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals
answer
leadership
question
Which of the following is a major concern of managers (as opposed to leaders)?
answer
maintaining the status quo
question
Which of the following is a major concern of leaders (as opposed to managers)?
answer
inspiring and motivating others
question
The "great person" theory is another name for the ____ theory of leadership
answer
Trait
question
Successful business leaders are not like other people. Successful business leaders ____.
answer
have a desire to lead, have emotional stability, are knowledgeable about business and are self-confident
question
In terms of leadership behavior, the term ____ refers to the extent to which a leader
answer
consideration
question
Research at three universities has confirmed that two basic leader behaviors, ____ and ____, are central to successful leadership
answer
initiating structure; consideration
question
Which of the following is another term for initiating structure leadership behavior?
answer
concern for production
question
Which of the following is the best leadership style for all situations
answer
none of these
question
The normative decision theory
answer
helps managers determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making
question
In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers
answer
position power
question
____is leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting
answer
visionary leadership
question
____ is the process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and retain information from their environments
answer
perception
question
Because of _____, people exposed to the same information will often disagree about what they saw or heard
answer
perceptual filters
question
____ is the tendency to fill gaps of missing information by assuming that what we don't know is consistent with what we already know
answer
closure
question
____ is the tendency to notice and accept objects and information consistent with our values, beliefs, and expectations
answer
selective perception
question
The ____ states that we all have a basic need to understand and explain the cause of other people's behavior
answer
attribution theory
question
____ is the tendency to overestimate our value by attributing successes to ourselves (internal causes) and attributing failures to others or the environment (external causes
answer
a self serving bias
question
The three formal communication channels in organizations are categorized as ____
answer
downward, horizontal, and upward
question
the two primary types of grapevine communications networks are ____
answer
cluster and gossip
question
____ is a kind of one-on-one communication used by managers to improve an employee's on the job performance or behavior
answer
coaching
question
Which of the following is one of the mistakes that managers tend to make when they are coaching employees?
answer
they wait too long before talking to them about the problem
question
____ is communication with someone about non-job-related issues that may be affecting or interfereing with the persons performance
answer
counseling
question
the first thing that managers need to recognize when communicating feedback one-on-one to employees is that feedback can be ____
answer
constructive or destructive
question
____ is the withholding of information about organizational problems or issues by employees
answer
organizational silence
question
Describe the basic control process
answer
begins with the establishment of clear standards of performance, involves a comparison of performance to those standards, takes corrective action, if needed to repair performance deficiencies; is a dynamic cybernetic process; and consists of three basic
question
feedback
answer
a mechanism for getting information about performance deficiencies after they occur
question
concurrent
answer
a mechanism for gathering information about performance deficiencies as they occur, thereby eliminating or shortening the delay between performance and feedback
question
feedforward
answer
a mechanism for monitoring performance inputs rather than outputs to prevent or minimize performance deficiencies before they occur
question
What methods do managers use to maintain control?
answer
bureaucratic, objective, normative, concertive, and self control
question
bureaucratic control
answer
the use of hierarchial authority to influence employee behavior by rewarding or punishing employees for compliance or non compliance with organizational policies, rules and procedures
question
objective control
answer
the use of observable measures of worker behavior or outputs to assess performance and influence behavior
question
normative control
answer
the regulation of worker's results or outputs through rewards and incentives
question
concertive control
answer
the reguation of worker' behavior andd decisions through work group values and beliefs
question
self- control
answer
a control system in which managers and workers control their own behavior by setting their own goals and monitoring their own progress and rewarding themselves for goal achievement
question
What is the cybernetic control process?
answer
set standards> measure performance > compare with standards > indentify deviations > analyze deviations > develop and implement program for corrective action > measure performance etc.
question
What is the balanced scorecard?
answer
measurement of organizational performance in four equally important areas: finances, customers, internal operations, and innovation and learning
question
How can financial performance be controlled?
answer
cash flow analysis
question
cash flow analysis
answer
a type of analysis that predicts how changes in a business will affect its ability to take in more cash than it pays out
question
What is economic value added (EVA)
answer
the amount by which company profits (revenues minus expenses minus taxes) exceed the cost of capital in a given year
question
How can customer defections be controlled
answer
by talking to the customers that left to see what problems your product has
question
How is quality controlled
answer
by measuring excellence, value, and conformance to expectations
question
How is waste and pollution controlled?
answer
trying to prevent waste and pollution before they occur
question
What is perception?
answer
is the process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and retain information from their environments
question
What role does perception play in communication and communication problems
answer
it is part of communication but can cause communication problems due to perceptual filters
question
Describe the basic perception process
answer
Stimulus> Attention> Organization> Interpretation > Retention> perception
question
What is Selective perception?
answer
is the tendency to notice and accept objects and information consistent with our values, beliefs and expectations, while ignoring or screening inconsistent information
question
What is closure
answer
the tendency to fill in gaps of missing information by assuming that what we don't know is consistent with what we already know
question
Describe the basic Attribution Theory;
answer
the theory that we all have a basic need to understand and explain the causes of other people's behavior
question
internal attribution
answer
in which behavior is thought to be voluntary or under control of the individual
question
external attribution
answer
in which behavior is thought to be involuntary and outside the control of the individual
question
What is Defensive bias?
answer
the tendency for people to perceive themselves as personally and situationally similar to someone who is having difficulty or trouble
question
Fundamental attribution theory
answer
the tendency to ignore external causes of behavior and to attribute other people's actions to internal causes
question
What is self-serving bias?
answer
the tendency to overestimate our value by attributing successes to ourselves (internal causes) and attributing failures or the environment (external causes)
question
Describe the interpersonal communication process
answer
the sender: message to be conveyed, encode message, transmit message to receiver: receives message decodes message, message that was understood, then sends feedback to sender.
question
What is noise?
answer
is anything that interferes with the transmission of the intended message
question
what are formal communication channels
answer
is the system of official channels with communication in the workplace
question
What is informal communication channels
answer
the transmission of messages from employee to employee outside of formal communication channels
question
What are grapevines?
answer
is the transmission of messages from employee to employee outside formal communication channels
question
How can grapevines be managed
answer
there are gossip chains and cluster chains
question
gossip chains
answer
one person tells multiple people
question
cluster chains
answer
one person tells another then that person tells another etc.
question
Describe the various communication mediums
answer
written communication and oral communication
question
Describe the various types of listening
answer
hearing, listening, active listening, empathetic listening
question
hearing
answer
the act or process of perceiving sounds
question
listening
answer
making a conscious effort to hear
question
active listening
answer
assuming half the responsibility for successful communication by actively giving the speaker non-judgemental feedback that shows you've accurately heard what he or she has said
question
empathetic listening
answer
understanding the speaker's perceptive and personal frame of reference and giving feedback that conveys that understanding to the speaker
question
What are the types of feedback?
answer
destructive and constructive feedback
question
How do you improve reception?
answer
hearing what others feel and think
question
What is leadership
answer
the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals
question
Trait Theory
answer
a leadership theory that holds that effective leaders possess a similar set of traits or characteristics
question
Initiating structure
answer
is the degree to which a leader structures the roles of follwers by setting goals giving directions setting deadlines and assigning tasks
question
Consideration
answer
the extend to which a leader is friendly, approachable, and supportive and shows concern for employees
question
Blake/Mouton Leadership Grid
answer
Country club managment, Team management, middle of the road management, impoverished management, and authority compliance management
question
Country Club Managment
answer
Thoughtful attention to needs of people for satisfying relationships leads to a comfortable, friendly organizational atmosphere and work tempo
question
Team Management
answer
Work accomplished is from committed people. Interdependence through a common stake in organizational purpose leads to relationships of trust and respect
question
Middle-of-the-Road Management
answer
Adequate organization performance is possible through balancing the need to get work one with maintaining morale of people at a satisfactory level
question
Impoverished Managment
answer
Exertion of minimum effort to get required work done is appropriate to sustain organization membership
question
Authority- Compliance
answer
Efficiency in operations results from arranging conditions of work in such a way that human elements interfere to a minimum degree
question
Fiedler's Contingency Theory states...
answer
in order to maximize work group performance, leaders must be matched to the right leadership situation
question
What does Fiedler mean by leadership style?
answer
the way a leader generally behaves toward followers
question
Situational favorableness
answer
the degree to which a particular situation either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members
question
Leader member relations
answer
the degree to which followers respect trust and like their leaders
question
task structure
answer
the degree to which the requirements of a subordinate's tasks are clearly specified
question
position power
answer
the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers
question
Path-Goal Theory states...
answer
a leadership theory that states that leaders can increase subordinate satisfaction and performance by clarifying and clearing the paths to goals and by increasing the number and kinds of rewards available for goal attainment
question
directive leadership
answer
a leadership style in which the leader lets employees know precisely what is expected of them, gives them specific guidelines for performing tasks, schedules work, sets standards of performance and makes sure that people follow standard rules and regulations
question
supportive leadership
answer
a leadership style in which the leader is friendly and approachable to employees, shows concern for employees and their welfare, treats them as equals, and creates a friendly climate
question
achievement oriented leadership
answer
a leadership style in which the leader sets challenging goals has high expectations of employees and displays confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort
question
participative leadership
answer
a leadership style in which the leader consults employees for their suggestions and input before making decisions
question
Subordinate and Environmental Contingencies
answer
perceived ability, experience, and locus of control
question
perceived ability
answer
is simply how much ability subordinates believe they have for doing their jobs well
question
experience
answer
they already know their jobs or perceive that they do
question
locus of control
answer
is a personality measure that indicates the extent to which people believe that they have control over what happens to them in life
question
Normative Decision Theory (Vroom-Yetton-Jago model) - 5 different decision styles
answer
a theory that suggests how leaders can determine an appropriate amount of employee participation when making decisions
question
GII
answer
the leader shares the problem with employees as a group. Together the leader and the employees generate and evaluate alternatives and try to reach an agreement on a solution. Leader acts as a facilitator and does not try to influence the group. Leader is willing to accept and implement any solution that has the support of the entire group
question
AI
answer
Using information available at the time, the leader solves the problem or makes the decision
question
AII
answer
The leader obtains necessary information from employees and then selects a solution to the problem. When asked to share information employees may or may not be told what the problem is
question
CI
answer
The leader share the problem and gets ideas and suggestions from relevant employees on an individual basis. Individuals are not brought together as a group. Then the leader makes the decision which may or may not reflect their input
question
CII
answer
The leader shares the problem with employees as a group, obtains their ideas and suggestions and then makes the decision, which may or may not reflect their input
question
What does Visionary leadership create?
answer
leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting
question
Define charismatic leadership
answer
the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers
question
Strategic Leadership is...
answer
the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, think strategically, and work with others to initiate changes that will create a positive future for an organization
question
Ethical charismatics
answer
charismatic leaders who provide developmental opportunities for followers, are open to positive and negative feedback, recognize other's contributions, share information and have moral standards that emphasize the larger interests of the group, organization, or society
question
unethical charismatics
answer
charismatic leaders who control manipulate followers, do what is best for themselves instead of their organizations, want to hear only positive feedback, share only information that is beneficial to themselves, and have moral standards that put their interest before everyone else's
question
Transformational leadership generates....
answer
leadership that generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interests for the good of the group
question
Transactional leadership is based on ....
answer
leadership based on an exchange process in which followers are rewarded for good performance and punished for poor performance
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New