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Management theory & Practice Final (14,15,16) Flashcards

Joel Boykin

23 September 2021

question

____ is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals

answer

leadership

question

Which of the following is a major concern of managers (as opposed to leaders)?

answer

maintaining the status quo

question

Which of the following is a major concern of leaders (as opposed to managers)?

answer

inspiring and motivating others

question

The "great person" theory is another name for the ____ theory of leadership

answer

Trait

question

Successful business leaders are not like other people. Successful business leaders ____.

answer

have a desire to lead, have emotional stability, are knowledgeable about business and are self-confident

question

In terms of leadership behavior, the term ____ refers to the extent to which a leader

answer

consideration

question

Research at three universities has confirmed that two basic leader behaviors, ____ and ____, are central to successful leadership

answer

initiating structure; consideration

question

Which of the following is another term for initiating structure leadership behavior?

answer

concern for production

question

Which of the following is the best leadership style for all situations

answer

none of these

question

The normative decision theory

answer

helps managers determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making

question

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers

answer

position power

question

____is leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting

answer

visionary leadership

question

____ is the process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and retain information from their environments

answer

perception

question

Because of _____, people exposed to the same information will often disagree about what they saw or heard

answer

perceptual filters

question

____ is the tendency to fill gaps of missing information by assuming that what we don't know is consistent with what we already know

answer

closure

question

____ is the tendency to notice and accept objects and information consistent with our values, beliefs, and expectations

answer

selective perception

question

The ____ states that we all have a basic need to understand and explain the cause of other people's behavior

answer

attribution theory

question

____ is the tendency to overestimate our value by attributing successes to ourselves (internal causes) and attributing failures to others or the environment (external causes

answer

a self serving bias

question

The three formal communication channels in organizations are categorized as ____

answer

downward, horizontal, and upward

question

the two primary types of grapevine communications networks are ____

answer

cluster and gossip

question

____ is a kind of one-on-one communication used by managers to improve an employee's on the job performance or behavior

answer

coaching

question

Which of the following is one of the mistakes that managers tend to make when they are coaching employees?

answer

they wait too long before talking to them about the problem

question

____ is communication with someone about non-job-related issues that may be affecting or interfereing with the persons performance

answer

counseling

question

the first thing that managers need to recognize when communicating feedback one-on-one to employees is that feedback can be ____

answer

constructive or destructive

question

____ is the withholding of information about organizational problems or issues by employees

answer

organizational silence

question

Describe the basic control process

answer

begins with the establishment of clear standards of performance, involves a comparison of performance to those standards, takes corrective action, if needed to repair performance deficiencies; is a dynamic cybernetic process; and consists of three basic

question

feedback

answer

a mechanism for getting information about performance deficiencies after they occur

question

concurrent

answer

a mechanism for gathering information about performance deficiencies as they occur, thereby eliminating or shortening the delay between performance and feedback

question

feedforward

answer

a mechanism for monitoring performance inputs rather than outputs to prevent or minimize performance deficiencies before they occur

question

What methods do managers use to maintain control?

answer

bureaucratic, objective, normative, concertive, and self control

question

bureaucratic control

answer

the use of hierarchial authority to influence employee behavior by rewarding or punishing employees for compliance or non compliance with organizational policies, rules and procedures

question

objective control

answer

the use of observable measures of worker behavior or outputs to assess performance and influence behavior

question

normative control

answer

the regulation of worker's results or outputs through rewards and incentives

question

concertive control

answer

the reguation of worker' behavior andd decisions through work group values and beliefs

question

self- control

answer

a control system in which managers and workers control their own behavior by setting their own goals and monitoring their own progress and rewarding themselves for goal achievement

question

What is the cybernetic control process?

answer

set standards> measure performance > compare with standards > indentify deviations > analyze deviations > develop and implement program for corrective action > measure performance etc.

question

What is the balanced scorecard?

answer

measurement of organizational performance in four equally important areas: finances, customers, internal operations, and innovation and learning

question

How can financial performance be controlled?

answer

cash flow analysis

question

cash flow analysis

answer

a type of analysis that predicts how changes in a business will affect its ability to take in more cash than it pays out

question

What is economic value added (EVA)

answer

the amount by which company profits (revenues minus expenses minus taxes) exceed the cost of capital in a given year

question

How can customer defections be controlled

answer

by talking to the customers that left to see what problems your product has

question

How is quality controlled

answer

by measuring excellence, value, and conformance to expectations

question

How is waste and pollution controlled?

answer

trying to prevent waste and pollution before they occur

question

What is perception?

answer

is the process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and retain information from their environments

question

What role does perception play in communication and communication problems

answer

it is part of communication but can cause communication problems due to perceptual filters

question

Describe the basic perception process

answer

Stimulus> Attention> Organization> Interpretation > Retention> perception

question

What is Selective perception?

answer

is the tendency to notice and accept objects and information consistent with our values, beliefs and expectations, while ignoring or screening inconsistent information

question

What is closure

answer

the tendency to fill in gaps of missing information by assuming that what we don't know is consistent with what we already know

question

Describe the basic Attribution Theory;

answer

the theory that we all have a basic need to understand and explain the causes of other people's behavior

question

internal attribution

answer

in which behavior is thought to be voluntary or under control of the individual

question

external attribution

answer

in which behavior is thought to be involuntary and outside the control of the individual

question

What is Defensive bias?

answer

the tendency for people to perceive themselves as personally and situationally similar to someone who is having difficulty or trouble

question

Fundamental attribution theory

answer

the tendency to ignore external causes of behavior and to attribute other people's actions to internal causes

question

What is self-serving bias?

answer

the tendency to overestimate our value by attributing successes to ourselves (internal causes) and attributing failures or the environment (external causes)

question

Describe the interpersonal communication process

answer

the sender: message to be conveyed, encode message, transmit message to receiver: receives message decodes message, message that was understood, then sends feedback to sender.

question

What is noise?

answer

is anything that interferes with the transmission of the intended message

question

what are formal communication channels

answer

is the system of official channels with communication in the workplace

question

What is informal communication channels

answer

the transmission of messages from employee to employee outside of formal communication channels

question

What are grapevines?

answer

is the transmission of messages from employee to employee outside formal communication channels

question

How can grapevines be managed

answer

there are gossip chains and cluster chains

question

gossip chains

answer

one person tells multiple people

question

cluster chains

answer

one person tells another then that person tells another etc.

question

Describe the various communication mediums

answer

written communication and oral communication

question

Describe the various types of listening

answer

hearing, listening, active listening, empathetic listening

question

hearing

answer

the act or process of perceiving sounds

question

listening

answer

making a conscious effort to hear

question

active listening

answer

assuming half the responsibility for successful communication by actively giving the speaker non-judgemental feedback that shows you've accurately heard what he or she has said

question

empathetic listening

answer

understanding the speaker's perceptive and personal frame of reference and giving feedback that conveys that understanding to the speaker

question

What are the types of feedback?

answer

destructive and constructive feedback

question

How do you improve reception?

answer

hearing what others feel and think

question

What is leadership

answer

the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals

question

Trait Theory

answer

a leadership theory that holds that effective leaders possess a similar set of traits or characteristics

question

Initiating structure

answer

is the degree to which a leader structures the roles of follwers by setting goals giving directions setting deadlines and assigning tasks

question

Consideration

answer

the extend to which a leader is friendly, approachable, and supportive and shows concern for employees

question

Blake/Mouton Leadership Grid

answer

Country club managment, Team management, middle of the road management, impoverished management, and authority compliance management

question

Country Club Managment

answer

Thoughtful attention to needs of people for satisfying relationships leads to a comfortable, friendly organizational atmosphere and work tempo

question

Team Management

answer

Work accomplished is from committed people. Interdependence through a common stake in organizational purpose leads to relationships of trust and respect

question

Middle-of-the-Road Management

answer

Adequate organization performance is possible through balancing the need to get work one with maintaining morale of people at a satisfactory level

question

Impoverished Managment

answer

Exertion of minimum effort to get required work done is appropriate to sustain organization membership

question

Authority- Compliance

answer

Efficiency in operations results from arranging conditions of work in such a way that human elements interfere to a minimum degree

question

Fiedler's Contingency Theory states...

answer

in order to maximize work group performance, leaders must be matched to the right leadership situation

question

What does Fiedler mean by leadership style?

answer

the way a leader generally behaves toward followers

question

Situational favorableness

answer

the degree to which a particular situation either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members

question

Leader member relations

answer

the degree to which followers respect trust and like their leaders

question

task structure

answer

the degree to which the requirements of a subordinate's tasks are clearly specified

question

position power

answer

the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers

question

Path-Goal Theory states...

answer

a leadership theory that states that leaders can increase subordinate satisfaction and performance by clarifying and clearing the paths to goals and by increasing the number and kinds of rewards available for goal attainment

question

directive leadership

answer

a leadership style in which the leader lets employees know precisely what is expected of them, gives them specific guidelines for performing tasks, schedules work, sets standards of performance and makes sure that people follow standard rules and regulations

question

supportive leadership

answer

a leadership style in which the leader is friendly and approachable to employees, shows concern for employees and their welfare, treats them as equals, and creates a friendly climate

question

achievement oriented leadership

answer

a leadership style in which the leader sets challenging goals has high expectations of employees and displays confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort

question

participative leadership

answer

a leadership style in which the leader consults employees for their suggestions and input before making decisions

question

Subordinate and Environmental Contingencies

answer

perceived ability, experience, and locus of control

question

perceived ability

answer

is simply how much ability subordinates believe they have for doing their jobs well

question

experience

answer

they already know their jobs or perceive that they do

question

locus of control

answer

is a personality measure that indicates the extent to which people believe that they have control over what happens to them in life

question

Normative Decision Theory (Vroom-Yetton-Jago model) - 5 different decision styles

answer

a theory that suggests how leaders can determine an appropriate amount of employee participation when making decisions

question

GII

answer

the leader shares the problem with employees as a group. Together the leader and the employees generate and evaluate alternatives and try to reach an agreement on a solution. Leader acts as a facilitator and does not try to influence the group. Leader is willing to accept and implement any solution that has the support of the entire group

question

answer

Using information available at the time, the leader solves the problem or makes the decision

question

AII

answer

The leader obtains necessary information from employees and then selects a solution to the problem. When asked to share information employees may or may not be told what the problem is

question

answer

The leader share the problem and gets ideas and suggestions from relevant employees on an individual basis. Individuals are not brought together as a group. Then the leader makes the decision which may or may not reflect their input

question

CII

answer

The leader shares the problem with employees as a group, obtains their ideas and suggestions and then makes the decision, which may or may not reflect their input

question

What does Visionary leadership create?

answer

leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting

question

Define charismatic leadership

answer

the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers

question

Strategic Leadership is...

answer

the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, think strategically, and work with others to initiate changes that will create a positive future for an organization

question

Ethical charismatics

answer

charismatic leaders who provide developmental opportunities for followers, are open to positive and negative feedback, recognize other's contributions, share information and have moral standards that emphasize the larger interests of the group, organization, or society

question

unethical charismatics

answer

charismatic leaders who control manipulate followers, do what is best for themselves instead of their organizations, want to hear only positive feedback, share only information that is beneficial to themselves, and have moral standards that put their interest before everyone else's

question

Transformational leadership generates....

answer

leadership that generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interests for the good of the group

question

Transactional leadership is based on ....

answer

leadership based on an exchange process in which followers are rewarded for good performance and punished for poor performance

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Unlock all answers in this set

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question

____ is the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals

answer

leadership

question

Which of the following is a major concern of managers (as opposed to leaders)?

answer

maintaining the status quo

question

Which of the following is a major concern of leaders (as opposed to managers)?

answer

inspiring and motivating others

question

The "great person" theory is another name for the ____ theory of leadership

answer

Trait

question

Successful business leaders are not like other people. Successful business leaders ____.

answer

have a desire to lead, have emotional stability, are knowledgeable about business and are self-confident

question

In terms of leadership behavior, the term ____ refers to the extent to which a leader

answer

consideration

question

Research at three universities has confirmed that two basic leader behaviors, ____ and ____, are central to successful leadership

answer

initiating structure; consideration

question

Which of the following is another term for initiating structure leadership behavior?

answer

concern for production

question

Which of the following is the best leadership style for all situations

answer

none of these

question

The normative decision theory

answer

helps managers determine how much employee participation should be used in decision making

question

In Fiedler's contingency theory, the term ____ refers to the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers

answer

position power

question

____is leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting

answer

visionary leadership

question

____ is the process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and retain information from their environments

answer

perception

question

Because of _____, people exposed to the same information will often disagree about what they saw or heard

answer

perceptual filters

question

____ is the tendency to fill gaps of missing information by assuming that what we don't know is consistent with what we already know

answer

closure

question

____ is the tendency to notice and accept objects and information consistent with our values, beliefs, and expectations

answer

selective perception

question

The ____ states that we all have a basic need to understand and explain the cause of other people's behavior

answer

attribution theory

question

____ is the tendency to overestimate our value by attributing successes to ourselves (internal causes) and attributing failures to others or the environment (external causes

answer

a self serving bias

question

The three formal communication channels in organizations are categorized as ____

answer

downward, horizontal, and upward

question

the two primary types of grapevine communications networks are ____

answer

cluster and gossip

question

____ is a kind of one-on-one communication used by managers to improve an employee's on the job performance or behavior

answer

coaching

question

Which of the following is one of the mistakes that managers tend to make when they are coaching employees?

answer

they wait too long before talking to them about the problem

question

____ is communication with someone about non-job-related issues that may be affecting or interfereing with the persons performance

answer

counseling

question

the first thing that managers need to recognize when communicating feedback one-on-one to employees is that feedback can be ____

answer

constructive or destructive

question

____ is the withholding of information about organizational problems or issues by employees

answer

organizational silence

question

Describe the basic control process

answer

question

feedback

answer

a mechanism for getting information about performance deficiencies after they occur

question

concurrent

answer

a mechanism for gathering information about performance deficiencies as they occur, thereby eliminating or shortening the delay between performance and feedback

question

feedforward

answer

a mechanism for monitoring performance inputs rather than outputs to prevent or minimize performance deficiencies before they occur

question

What methods do managers use to maintain control?

answer

bureaucratic, objective, normative, concertive, and self control

question

bureaucratic control

answer

the use of hierarchial authority to influence employee behavior by rewarding or punishing employees for compliance or non compliance with organizational policies, rules and procedures

question

objective control

answer

the use of observable measures of worker behavior or outputs to assess performance and influence behavior

question

normative control

answer

the regulation of worker's results or outputs through rewards and incentives

question

concertive control

answer

the reguation of worker' behavior andd decisions through work group values and beliefs

question

self- control

answer

a control system in which managers and workers control their own behavior by setting their own goals and monitoring their own progress and rewarding themselves for goal achievement

question

What is the cybernetic control process?

answer

set standards> measure performance > compare with standards > indentify deviations > analyze deviations > develop and implement program for corrective action > measure performance etc.

question

What is the balanced scorecard?

answer

measurement of organizational performance in four equally important areas: finances, customers, internal operations, and innovation and learning

question

How can financial performance be controlled?

answer

cash flow analysis

question

cash flow analysis

answer

a type of analysis that predicts how changes in a business will affect its ability to take in more cash than it pays out

question

What is economic value added (EVA)

answer

the amount by which company profits (revenues minus expenses minus taxes) exceed the cost of capital in a given year

question

How can customer defections be controlled

answer

by talking to the customers that left to see what problems your product has

question

How is quality controlled

answer

by measuring excellence, value, and conformance to expectations

question

How is waste and pollution controlled?

answer

trying to prevent waste and pollution before they occur

question

What is perception?

answer

is the process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and retain information from their environments

question

What role does perception play in communication and communication problems

answer

it is part of communication but can cause communication problems due to perceptual filters

question

Describe the basic perception process

answer

Stimulus> Attention> Organization> Interpretation > Retention> perception

question

What is Selective perception?

answer

is the tendency to notice and accept objects and information consistent with our values, beliefs and expectations, while ignoring or screening inconsistent information

question

What is closure

answer

the tendency to fill in gaps of missing information by assuming that what we don't know is consistent with what we already know

question

Describe the basic Attribution Theory;

answer

the theory that we all have a basic need to understand and explain the causes of other people's behavior

question

internal attribution

answer

in which behavior is thought to be voluntary or under control of the individual

question

external attribution

answer

in which behavior is thought to be involuntary and outside the control of the individual

question

What is Defensive bias?

answer

the tendency for people to perceive themselves as personally and situationally similar to someone who is having difficulty or trouble

question

Fundamental attribution theory

answer

the tendency to ignore external causes of behavior and to attribute other people's actions to internal causes

question

What is self-serving bias?

answer

the tendency to overestimate our value by attributing successes to ourselves (internal causes) and attributing failures or the environment (external causes)

question

Describe the interpersonal communication process

answer

the sender: message to be conveyed, encode message, transmit message to receiver: receives message decodes message, message that was understood, then sends feedback to sender.

question

What is noise?

answer

is anything that interferes with the transmission of the intended message

question

what are formal communication channels

answer

is the system of official channels with communication in the workplace

question

What is informal communication channels

answer

the transmission of messages from employee to employee outside of formal communication channels

question

What are grapevines?

answer

is the transmission of messages from employee to employee outside formal communication channels

question

How can grapevines be managed

answer

there are gossip chains and cluster chains

question

gossip chains

answer

one person tells multiple people

question

cluster chains

answer

one person tells another then that person tells another etc.

question

Describe the various communication mediums

answer

written communication and oral communication

question

Describe the various types of listening

answer

hearing, listening, active listening, empathetic listening

question

hearing

answer

the act or process of perceiving sounds

question

listening

answer

making a conscious effort to hear

question

active listening

answer

assuming half the responsibility for successful communication by actively giving the speaker non-judgemental feedback that shows you've accurately heard what he or she has said

question

empathetic listening

answer

understanding the speaker's perceptive and personal frame of reference and giving feedback that conveys that understanding to the speaker

question

What are the types of feedback?

answer

destructive and constructive feedback

question

How do you improve reception?

answer

hearing what others feel and think

question

What is leadership

answer

the process of influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals

question

Trait Theory

answer

a leadership theory that holds that effective leaders possess a similar set of traits or characteristics

question

Initiating structure

answer

is the degree to which a leader structures the roles of follwers by setting goals giving directions setting deadlines and assigning tasks

question

Consideration

answer

the extend to which a leader is friendly, approachable, and supportive and shows concern for employees

question

Blake/Mouton Leadership Grid

answer

Country club managment, Team management, middle of the road management, impoverished management, and authority compliance management

question

Country Club Managment

answer

Thoughtful attention to needs of people for satisfying relationships leads to a comfortable, friendly organizational atmosphere and work tempo

question

Team Management

answer

Work accomplished is from committed people. Interdependence through a common stake in organizational purpose leads to relationships of trust and respect

question

Middle-of-the-Road Management

answer

Adequate organization performance is possible through balancing the need to get work one with maintaining morale of people at a satisfactory level

question

Impoverished Managment

answer

Exertion of minimum effort to get required work done is appropriate to sustain organization membership

question

Authority- Compliance

answer

Efficiency in operations results from arranging conditions of work in such a way that human elements interfere to a minimum degree

question

Fiedler's Contingency Theory states...

answer

in order to maximize work group performance, leaders must be matched to the right leadership situation

question

What does Fiedler mean by leadership style?

answer

the way a leader generally behaves toward followers

question

Situational favorableness

answer

the degree to which a particular situation either permits or denies a leader the chance to influence the behavior of group members

question

Leader member relations

answer

the degree to which followers respect trust and like their leaders

question

task structure

answer

the degree to which the requirements of a subordinate's tasks are clearly specified

question

position power

answer

the degree to which leaders are able to hire, fire, reward, and punish workers

question

Path-Goal Theory states...

answer

question

directive leadership

answer

question

supportive leadership

answer

a leadership style in which the leader is friendly and approachable to employees, shows concern for employees and their welfare, treats them as equals, and creates a friendly climate

question

achievement oriented leadership

answer

a leadership style in which the leader sets challenging goals has high expectations of employees and displays confidence that employees will assume responsibility and put forth extraordinary effort

question

participative leadership

answer

a leadership style in which the leader consults employees for their suggestions and input before making decisions

question

Subordinate and Environmental Contingencies

answer

perceived ability, experience, and locus of control

question

perceived ability

answer

is simply how much ability subordinates believe they have for doing their jobs well

question

experience

answer

they already know their jobs or perceive that they do

question

locus of control

answer

is a personality measure that indicates the extent to which people believe that they have control over what happens to them in life

question

Normative Decision Theory (Vroom-Yetton-Jago model) - 5 different decision styles

answer

a theory that suggests how leaders can determine an appropriate amount of employee participation when making decisions

question

GII

answer

question

answer

Using information available at the time, the leader solves the problem or makes the decision

question

AII

answer

The leader obtains necessary information from employees and then selects a solution to the problem. When asked to share information employees may or may not be told what the problem is

question

answer

question

CII

answer

The leader shares the problem with employees as a group, obtains their ideas and suggestions and then makes the decision, which may or may not reflect their input

question

What does Visionary leadership create?

answer

leadership that creates a positive image of the future that motivates organizational members and provides direction for future planning and goal setting

question

Define charismatic leadership

answer

the behavioral tendencies and personal characteristics of leaders that create an exceptionally strong relationship between them and their followers

question

Strategic Leadership is...

answer

the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, think strategically, and work with others to initiate changes that will create a positive future for an organization

question

Ethical charismatics

answer

question

unethical charismatics

answer

question

Transformational leadership generates....

answer

leadership that generates awareness and acceptance of a group's purpose and mission and gets employees to see beyond their own needs and self-interests for the good of the group

question

Transactional leadership is based on ....

answer

leadership based on an exchange process in which followers are rewarded for good performance and punished for poor performance

Management theory & Practice Final (14,15,16) Flashcards

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