Major themes of anatomy and physiology – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
neurophysiology
answer
a sub-discipline of Physiology. studies the physiology of nervous system
question
endocrinology
answer
a sub-discipline of physiology. studies the physiology of hormones
question
pathophysiology
answer
a sub-discipline of physiology studies the mechanisms of disease
question
comparative physiology
answer
works around limitations of human experimentation; uses animals with similar reactions basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures gives insight into evolution of physiological systems including diverse solutions to survival of animals
question
Examining the body
answer
inspection, palpation, auscultation (listening to body sounds), percussion (tapping to hear sounds)
question
Cadaver dissection
answer
cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships. Looking at how they connect essential for deeper study of body
question
Comparative anatomy
answer
study of more than one species in order to examine structural similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends. Anatomy also means cutting apart: essential for deeper study of body
question
Exploratory surgery
answer
open body and examine the inside and possibly diagnose
question
medical imaging
answer
viewing the inside of the body without surgery Radiology: branch of medicine concerned with imaging
question
gross anatomy
answer
study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye
question
cytology
answer
study of structure and function of cells
question
histology
answer
(microscopic anatomy) examinations of tissues with microscope, the fine details
question
ultrastructure
answer
fine detail of tissue revealed by electron microscope
question
histopathology
answer
study of tissues and diseases
question
Scientific Method birth
answer
invented by Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes in late 1600s. sought systematic way of seeking similarities, differences, and trends in nature and drawing useful generalizations from observable facts. Set standards for facts and truth
question
Inductive method
answer
Bacon: making numerous observations until confident enough to draw generalizations from them.
question
Proof in science
answer
reliable observations that appear consistently tested and confirmed repeatedly not falsified by any credible observation All truth is tentative "proof beyond reasonable doubt"
question
Hypothetico-Deductive Method
answer
first ask a question, then hypothesize how it is done that is consistent with what is already known and is testable. then, falsifiability: what would it take for hypothesis to be wrong? you gain more physiological knowledge by this method
question
Sample size
answer
this is the number of subjects used in a study a large sample size controls individual variation, chance events, and increases confidence in results.
question
Controls
answer
control group and treatment group provide comparison for un/treated individuals
question
psychosomatic effects
answer
effects of the subjects state of mind on its physiology. A placebo is used in control group
question
experimenter bias
answer
how the observer alters the data with their preconceived ideas. Prevented with a double-blind study
question
Statistical thinking
answer
provides statements of probability that can evaluate whether results occur by chance. P value (%) are good if less than .05 results due to variable being tested
question
peer review
answer
critical evaluation by other experts in the field ensures honesty, objectivity, and quality in science. Done prior to funding or publication and done by using verification and repeatability of results
question
Scientific fact
answer
information that is independently verified by a trained person to be true
question
law of nature
answer
a description, not a rule generalization about the predictible way matter and energy behave. results from inductive reasoning and repeated observations.
question
theory
answer
an explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypothesis. summarizes what we know and suggests direction for further study
question
Charles Darwin
answer
wrote "on the origin of species by means of natural selection" and "the descent of man" Describes how species originate and change through time. Changed view of "origin, our nature and our place in the universe." increased understanding of human form/function
question
evolution
answer
change in genetic composition of population of organisms over time. Ex: development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics (new strains of AIDS)
question
Natural Selection
answer
some individuals within a species have hereditary advantage over their competitors and have more babies which inherit advantage.
question
selection pressures
answer
natural forces that promote reproductive success of some more than others. Needs a genetic basis which comes from variants/mutations.
question
adaptations
answer
features of an organisms anatomy, physiology, or behavior that have evolved in response to these selection pressures and enable the organism to survive and reproduce better.
question
model
answer
animal species selected for research on a particular problem. Looking at evolutionary relationships help determine what animals to use.
question
Chimpanzee
answer
our closest relative. only 1.6% different DNA wise.
question
Vestigial Organs
answer
remnants of organs that apparently were better developed and more functional in the ancestors of species and now serve little purpose. (piloerector muscles make hairs stand up, appendix was used to digest grass) Sometimes serve other-than-intended purposes - wings for balance in flightless birds
question
Primates
answer
order of mammals that humans, apes, and monkeys belong.
question
Early primates
answer
squirrel sized, arboreal, insect eating african mammals. Moved to trees for safety, food supply, and lack of competition
question
Adaptations for arboreal life
answer
mobile shoulders opposable thumbs stereoscopic vision = forward facing eyes allow depth perception color vision larger brains and good memory = food and increased social organization
question
bipedalism
answer
walk on two legs, helps spot predators, can now carry food and infants. caused adaptations in feet, legs, pelvis, spine etc
question
Adaptations aren't perfect
answer
Spine is not meant for bipedalism thus we get back problems later in life. Increased skull size makes childbirth more difficult so babies are born premature. Family bonds are so infants get the help they need
question
Australopithecus
answer
oldest bipedal primate
question
Homo genus
answer
2.5 million years ago, bigger, smarter, vocal
question
Homo Sapiens
answer
200,000 years ago first humans
question
Organism
answer
a single, complete individual
question
Organ system
answer
human body is made of 11 systems, all tissues must work together to do a unique function
question
Organ
answer
structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function. There are definite boundaries and you can tell the difference between them.
question
Tissue
answer
a mass of similar cells and cell products that form discrete regions of an organ and perform specific functions
question
Cells
answer
the smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life
question
organelles
answer
microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions
question
molecules
answer
make up of organelles and other cellular components macro__ = proteins, carbs, fats, and DNA
question
Atoms
answer
the smallest particles with unique chemical identities
question
reductionism
answer
theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components
question
Holism
answer
there are "emergent properties" of the whole organism that cannot be predicted by studying simpler components. Humans are more than the sum of their parts.
question
Dialectical materialism
answer
a scientific philosophy which examines how complexity arises in all things and processes
question
Anatomical Variation
answer
70% have most common structures. Variable number of organs: missing muscles, extra vertebrae, aorta branches
question
Characteristics of LIfe
answer
MERCHORD organization, Cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness, homeostasis, development, reproduction, evolution
question
Organization/Cells
answer
living things exhibit a higher level of organization than the nonliving entities around them. Living matter is composed of cells
question
Metabolism
answer
the sum of all internal chemical changes and comprises anabolism and catabolism
question
metabolic rate
answer
energy an animal uses per unit of time
question
basal metabolic rate
answer
the rate of metabolism of a resting, non-reproducing post-absorptive mammal in its thermoneutral zone
question
Responsiveness
answer
the ability to sense and react to stimuli (aka irritability). most organisms can move from place to place, or are at least capable of moving materials internally within bodies
question
Development
answer
any change in form/function over an organism's life.
question
Reproduction
answer
all living capable of making copies of self and passing on genes. living show gene changes from generation to generation.
