question

In this type of classroom, the teacher is the sole authority for knowledge, rules, and decision making and does most of the talking.

answer

Traditional Classroom

question

In this type of classroom, children are encouraged to construct their own knowledge.

answer

Constructivist classroom

question

In this type of classroom, children participate in a wide range of challenging activities with teachers and peers, with whom they jointly construct understandings.

answer

Social-constructivist classroom

question

A teacher and two to four students form a collaborative group and take turns leading dialogues on the content of a text passage.

answer

Reciprocal teaching

question

Children may adopt teachers' positive or negative views and start to live up to them.

answer

Educational self-fulfilling prophecies

question

Students with learning difficulties are placed in regular classrooms for part of the school day, a practice designed to prepare them for participation in society.

answer

Mainstreaming

question

Placement in regular classrooms full time.

answer

Full inclusion

question

Poverty is a poor predictor of health during the school years.

answer

False

question

Today, 15 percent of Canadian and 16 percent of American children are obese.

answer

True

question

Research shows that heredity, not environment, is the primary cause of obesity.

answer

False

question

By middle childhood, obese children report more emotional, social, and school difficulties and display more behavior problems than their normal-weight peers.

answer

True

question

Boys, African-American children, and children who were born underweight, whose parents smoke, or who live in poverty are at greatest risk for asthma.

answer

True

question

Children experience a somewhat lower rate of illness during the first two years of elementary school than later.

answer

False

question

Both body growth and more efficient information processing play a role in improved motor performance in school-age children.

answer

True

question

In middle childhood, boys outperform girls in skipping, jumping, and hopping.

answer

False

question

Research indicates that participation in organized sports contributes to low self-esteem for most children.

answer

False

question

Children's rough and tumble play resembles the social behavior of many other young mammals.

answer

True

question

Student with IQs between 55 and 70 who show problems in adaptive behavior, or skills of everyday living.

answer

Mild mental retardation

question

Children who have great difficulty with one or more aspects of learning, usually reading.

answer

Learning disabilities

question

Children who display exceptional intellectual strength.

answer

Gifted

question

The ability to produce work that is original yet appropriate--something others have not thought of that is useful in some way.

answer

Creativity

question

The generation of multiple and unusual possibilities when faced with a task or problem.

answer

Divergent Thinking

question

Thinking that involves arriving at a single correct answer and is emphasized on intelligence tests.

answer

Convergent thinking

question

Outstanding performance in a specific field.

answer

Talent

question

As in early childhood, an adult must be present for a school-age child to feel pride or guilt.

answer

False

question

Research shows that guilt motivates children to take on further challenges.

answer

False

question

An appreciation of mixed emotions helps children realize that people's expressions may not reflect their true feelings.

answer

True

question

In problem-centered coping, children appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it.

answer

True

question

When outcomes are beyond their control (e.g., after receiving a bad grade), school-age children opt for a distraction or try to redefine the situation.

answer

True

question

Emotional self-efficacy fosters a favorable image and an optimistic outlook.

answer

True

question

Although emotionally well-regulated children are upbeat in mood, they impulsively unleash negative emotion.

answer

False

question

Not until age 11 can children "step into another person's shoes" and reflect on how that person might regard their own thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

answer

False

question

Children as young as 6 are capable of evaluating two people's perspectives simultaneously.

answer

False

question

Research shows that social experiences actually have little impact on children's perspective talking.

answer

False

question

Menarche takes place immediately before the peak of the height spurt.

answer

False

question

In the sequence of pubertal events, the growth spurt occurs at approximately the same age for both boys and girls.

answer

False

question

Both heredity and physical health contribute to pubertal growth.

answer

True

question

Research indicates that adolescence is a period of storm and stress for most teenagers.

answer

True

question

Both biological and social forces contribute to the experience of adolescence.

answer

True

question

Girls adjust especially well to puberty when their fathers are aware of pubertal changes.

answer

True

question

Compared to girls, boys tend to get less social support for the physical chnages of puberty.

answer

True

question

Most researchers agree that high sex hormone levels are primarily responsible for adolescent moodiness.

answer

False

question

Physchological distancing between parents and children is normal during adolescence, and most parent-child conflict is mild.

answer

True

question

Late-maturing boys and early-maturing girls tend to be popular, self-confident, and sociable.

answer

False

question

As adolescents' social world expands, contradictory self-descriptions increase.

answer

True

question

Compared with school-aged children, teenagers place less emphasis on social virtues, such as being friendly, considerate, kind, and cooperative.

answer

False

question

For the majority of young people, level of self-esteem drops drastically in adolescence.

answer

False

question

Individualized differences in self-esteem become increasingly stable in adolescence.

answer

True

question

In a study of adolescents in 13 industrialized nations, most were pessimistic about the future.

answer

False

question

Authoritarian parenting predicts high self-esteem in adolescence, just as it did in childhood.

answer

False

question

Identity development often varies across identity domains, such as sexual orientation, vocation, and religious and political values.

answer

True

question

Young people in long-term foreclosure and diffusion are more likely to view school and work as feasible avenues for realizing their aspirations and are more advanced in moral reasoning.

answer

False

question

Forclosed teenagers usually have close bonds with parents but lack opportunities for healthy separation.

answer

True

question

Minority youths often feel caught between the standards of the larger society and those of their culture of origin.

answer

True

question

Stories that present a conflict between two moral values.

answer

Moral dilemmas

question

Morality is externally controlled: Behaviors that result in punishment are viewd as bad, and those that lead to rewards are seen as good.

answer

Preconventional level

question

Individuals believe that actively maintaining the current social system ensures positive relationships and social order.

answer

Conventional

question

Individuals define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all situations and societies.

answer

Postconventional--Principle Led level

question

The degree to which morality is central to self-concept.

answer

Moral self-revelance

question

Cognitive development beyond Piaget's formal operations.

answer

Postformal thought

question

Refers to our reflections on how we arrived at facts, beliefs, and ideas.

answer

Epistemic cognition

question

Dividing information, values, and authority into right and wrong, good and bad, we and they.

answer

Dualistic thinking

question

Viewing all knowledge as embedded in a framework of thought.

answer

Relativistic thinking

question

Instead of choosing between opposing views, the most mature individuals try to formulate a more satisfying perspective that synthesizes contradictions.

answer

Commitment within relativistic thinking

question

A structural advance in which logic becomes a tool for solving real-world problems.

answer

Pragmatic thought

question

Awareness and coordination of positive and negative feelings into a complex, organized structure.

answer

Cognitive-affective complexity

question

Acquisition of extensive knowledge in a filed or endeavor

answer

Expertise

question

Erickson's theory has had little impact on the study of adult personality development.

answer

False

question

Research confirms that a secure identity fosters attainment of intimacy.

answer

True

question

People with a sence of isolation tend to compete rather than cooperate, are not accepting of differences, and are easily threatened when others get too close.

answer

True

question

In Levinson's theory, the life structure has little to do with one's happiness and psychological well-being.

answer

False

question

Most career-oriented women display "split dreams" in which both marriage and career are prominent.

answer

True

question

"Settling down" accurately describes women's experiences during their thirties.

answer

False

question

Both Vaillant and Levinson agree that quality of relationships with important people shape the life course.

answer

True

question

According to Vaillant, during their forties, men focus on career consolidation and individual achievement.

answer

False

question

Few societies have time tables for accomplishing major developmental tasks.

answer

False

question

A major source of personality change in adulthood is conformity to or departure from the social clock.

answer

True

question

This marks the beginning of adolescence.

answer

Puberty

question

Adolescent moodiness is linked to this.

answer

Negative life events

question

Side effect of steroid use.

answer

Mood swings

Lifespan-Chapters 9-14 – Flashcards

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