Life Span Development Chapter 1 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Lifespan development
answer
*The field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span. *it is a scientific approach and focus on humans
question
Physical development
answer
Development involving the body's physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles and senses, and the need for food, drink, and sleep.
question
Cognitive development
answer
Development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a persons behavior.
question
Personality development
answer
Development involving the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span.
question
Social development
answer
The way in which individuals' interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life.
question
Age ranges
answer
Conception to birth - Prenatal period Birth to 3 - Infancy and toddler hood 3 to 6 - Preschool period 6 to 12 - Middle childhood 12 to 20 - Adolescence 20 to 40 - Young adulthood 40 to 60 - Middle adulthood 60 to death - Late adulthood
question
Links between the topics and ages
answer
Some experts may choose just one topic and one age range. For example, one may choose physical development for conception to birth.
question
Cohort
answer
A group of people born at around the same time in the same place.
question
Continuous change
answer
Gradual development with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels.
question
Discontinuous change
answer
Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages.
question
Critical period
answer
A specific time during development when a particular event has it's greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally.
question
Sensitive period
answer
A point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences.
question
Maturation
answer
The predetermined unfolding of genetic information.
question
Theories
answer
Explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles.
question
Psychoanalytic perspective
answer
the approach that states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond people awareness and control.
question
Psychoanalytic theory
answer
The theory proposed by Freud that suggests that unconscious forces at to determine personality and behavior
question
Psychoanalytic development
answer
According to Freud, a serious of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part. (Mouth stage > Anal Stage > Genital Stage)
question
Psychosocial development
answer
The approach that encompasses changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another, as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society. (suggests that we change throughout our lives in 8 stages.)
question
Behavioral perspective
answer
The approach that suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment. (Nurture is more important to development than nature.)
question
Classical conditioning
answer
A type of learning in which an organism responds to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response.
question
Operant conditioning
answer
A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by it's association with positive or negative consequences.
question
Behavior modification
answer
A formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.
question
Social-cognitive learning theory
answer
Learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model.
question
Cognitive perspective
answer
The approach that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world.
question
Information processing approaches
answer
Models that seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information.
question
Cognitive neuroscience approaches
answer
Approaches that examine cognitive development through the lens of the brain process.
question
Humanistic perspective
answer
The theory that contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior.
question
Contextual perspective
answer
The theory that considers the relationships between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds.
question
Bioecological approach
answer
The perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals.
question
Sociocultural theory
answer
The approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture.
question
Evolutionary perspective
answer
The theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.
question
Scientific method
answer
The process of posing and answeriong questionsusing careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observationand the collection of data.
question
Theories
answer
Broad explinations and predictions aout phenomena of interest.
question
Hypothesis
answer
A prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested.
question
Correlational research
answer
Reearch that seeks to identify weather an association or relationship between two factors exist.
question
Experimental research
answer
Research designed to discover casual relationships between various factors.
question
Naturalistic observation
answer
A type of correlational study in which saome naturally occuring behavior is observed without intervention in the situation.
question
Case studies
answer
Studeis that involve extensive, in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals.
question
Survey research
answer
A type of study in which a group of people choosen to represent some larger population are asked questions about their attitudes, behavior, or thinking on a given topic.
question
Psychophysiological methods
answer
Approaches that focus on the relationship between physiological proccess and behavior. `
question
Experiment
answer
A process in which an investigator, called an experimenter, devises two different experiences for subjects to participate.
question
Independent variable
answer
The variable that researches manipulate in an experiment.
question
Dependent variable
answer
The variable that researchers measure in an experiment and expect to change as a result of the experimental manipulation.
question
Sample
answer
The group of participants chosen for the experiment.
question
Field study
answer
A research investigation carried out in a natuarlly occuring setting.
question
Labratory study
answer
A research investigation conducted in a controlled setting designed to hold events constant.
question
Theoretical research
answer
Research designed specificlly to test some developmental explination and expand scientific knowledge.
question
Applied research
answer
Research meant to provide practical soultions to immediate problems.
question
Longitudinal research
answer
Research in which the behavior of one or more participants in a study is measured as they age.
question
Cross-sectional research
answer
Research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time.
question
Sequential studies
answer
Research in which researchers examine a number of different age groups over several points in time.
question
Psyhodynamics
answer
*psychoanalytic - Freud * Psychosocial - Erikson
question
Behavioral
answer
*classical conditioning - Watson *operant conditioning - Skinner *social-cognitive learning - Bandura
question
Cognitive
answer
*information processing *cognitive neuroscience
question
Humanistic
answer
- Rogers and Maslow
question
Contextual
answer
*bioecological - Urie *sociocultural - Lev
question
Evolutionary
answer
- Darwin and Lorenz
question
The 6 perspectives
answer
Each perspective is based on its own premises. One phenomenon can be examined from different perspectives at one time. No one perspective is "right".
