Lfcc Bio 150 Test Questions – Flashcards
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| 3 reasons Microorganisms are useful in research |
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| 1. Simple structure [single cell] 2. Large #'s [statistically reliable] 3. Reproduce quickly [20-40 min can be a generation]. |
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| Basic Funcitons of Organisms [6] |
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| 1. Organization 2. Responsiveness 3. Growth & Differentiation 4. Reproduction 5. Movement 6. Metabolism & Excretion |
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| Bioremediation |
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| microorganisms are genetically engineered to break down toxic materials |
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| Polymers/molecules |
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| Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
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| Why are bacteria everywhere on this planet? |
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| - metabolic capacity superior to any other form of life - can titilize and inorganic or organic material as a source of energy. |
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| pleamorphic |
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| can change form or shape |
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| Cell |
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| lowest functional unit of life ex. bacteria, plant & animal cell, human egg |
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| Major groups of organisms include |
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| - bacteria - viruses - algae - protozoa - fungi |
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| Levels of Organization |
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| Atom molecule organelles cell tissue organs organ systems organism |
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| bacterial characteristics/properties |
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| - all prokaryotic [single cell, no nucleus, but does have genome] - some autotrophic [photosynthesis] - most heterotrophic [eat product of autotroph or eat autotroph] - most do not cause disease - most have not been identified or grown |
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| bacteria |
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| living, single cellular infectious agent |
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| Virus properties/characteristics |
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| - acellular infectious agent - consists of a genome [either DNA or RNA single or double stranded] and protein coat - obligate intracellular parasites [only way to replicate is within another cell] |
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| Viroid |
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| 1. smaller than virul 2. RNA [Ribonucleic Acid] single strand 3. Infects plants [infectious agent] |
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| Viron |
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| complete virus. Consists of lipid envelope, genome, and protein coat. |
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| Algae |
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| - most do not cause disease - all are eukaryotic - most single cellular - all are autotrophic |
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| Protozoa |
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| - most single cell - eukaryotic - atleast 1 nucleus - some cause disease |
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| Eukaryotic |
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| - genome in nucleus - most heterotrophic - can be single or multicellular - some autotrophic [such as algae] |
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| Protozoa |
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| - single celled w/ atleast 1 nucleus - some cause disease - some eat bacteria through phagocytosis |
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| Prion |
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| - single misshaped protein [causes other proteins to become misshapedn - causes neurodegenerative diseases such as mad cow disease |
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| Multicellular Animal Parasites |
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| - Eukaryotic - Multi-cellular animal - such as parasitic worms |
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| Helminths |
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| parasitic flatworms and round worms |
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| Arthropods role with microbes |
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| - [such as insects] serve in transmission of microbes |
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| Hooke |
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| - [Mid 1600s] compound microscope - named "cells" |
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| Leeuwenhoek |
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| -[mid 1600s] developed 1st usable microscope - observed living microorganisms. |
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| spontaneous generation |
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| belief that microorganisms arose from nonliving things |
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| Biogenesis |
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| - beleif that living organisms arise from preexisting life. - lead to the cell theory - was an alternate hypothesis |
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| Germ Theory of Disease |
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| States that microorganisms (germs)can invade other organisms and cause disease |
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| Pasteur |
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| -[mid 1800s] Father of Immunology -1st rabies vaccine |
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| Koch |
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| - [late 1800s]developed a technique for growing pure cultures [which lead to ability to treat diseases]. - came up with concept "1 organism = 1 disease" - worked with anthrax and tuberculosis |
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| Koch's Postulates |
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| 1. The same causative agent must be found in all cases of the disease 2. The disease organism must be isolated in a pure culture. 3. This pure culture must cause disease in a healthy, susceptible animal. 4. The disease organism must be recovered from teh inoculated animal. |
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| Acellular infectious agents |
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| Viroid, Viron, Virus, Prion |
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| Koch's Postulates |
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| 1. The same causative agent must be found in all cases of the disease 2. The disease organism must be isolated in a pure culture. 3. This pure culture must cause disease in a healthy, susceptible animal. 4. The disease organism must be recovered from teh inoculated animal. |
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| Joseph Lister |
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| - [mid 1800s] developed aseptic techniques in surgery - Hint Lister [Listerine] |
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| Edward Jenner |
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| - [late 1700s] discovered cowpox prevented smallpox - called Vaccine "vacca" - would cut patient and place scabs from milk maids into would to prevent smallpox |
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| vacca |
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| - latin for "cow" - term Edward Jenner used for vaccine |
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| Chemotherapy |
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| uses chemicals to treat an infectious agent [such as bacteria] |
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| Virulent bacteria |
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| - kills target animal - contains thick polysacharide coating |
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| Modern Developments in Microbiology |
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| - Virology - study of viruses - Bacteriology - study of bacteria - Mycology - study of fungi - Parasitology - study of protozoa and parasitic worms - Genetis and Microbiology |
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| Griffith |
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| [1928] discovered that live bacteria could acquire heritable traits from dead ones. |
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| Prokaryot |
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| single cell, no nucleus |
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| Prokaryote |
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| single cell, no nucleus [but does contain a genome] |
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| Viroid |
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| 1. smaller than a virus 2. Single stranded RNA [ribonucleic acid] 3. Infects plants [infectious agent] |
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| Viron |
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| Complete virus. Composed of lipid envelope, genome, & a protein coat |
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| Prion |
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| 1. single misshaped protein 2. Causes neurodegenerative diseases such as Mad Cow |
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| Virus |
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| 1. acellular 2. obligate intracellular parasites [only way to reproduce is within another cell. |
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| Algae |
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| 1. most do not cause disease 2. all are eukaryotic 3. all autotrophic 4. most single cellular |
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| Eukaryotic |
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| 1. genome in nucleus 2. most heterotrophic 3. can be single or multicellular 4. some autotrophic [such as algae] |
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| Bacteria |
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| 1. all prokaryotic [single cell, no nucleus] 2. some autotrophic [photosynthesis] 3. most heterotrophic [ingest product of autotrophes 4. most do not cause disease 5. most have not been identified or grown |
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| Types of infectious agents |
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| Viruses, viroid, prion, and some bacteria |
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| antibiotics |
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| chemicals produced by bacteria and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes |
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| Quinine |
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| from tree bark was long used to treat malaria |
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| Alexander Fleming |
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| discovered first antibiotic [Penicillin killed S. aureus] |
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| Parasitology |
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| study of larger and more complex organisms |
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| Griffith [1928] |
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| discovered live bacteria could acquire heritable traits from dead ones - Streptococcus pnemonia: Avirulent = living, virulent = dead, heat killed virulent + avirulent = dead - transformation through genetic recombination |
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| Transformation |
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| form of genetic recombination |
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