Exchange Reactions, Acids, Bases and Neutralization
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Exchange (metathesis) reaction
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Reactions where the cations and anions of a given compound exchange in a chemical reaction
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Acid
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A substance that produces hydrogen ions when it dissolves in water
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Base
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A substance that produces hydroxide ions when it dissolves in water
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Neutralization
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A reaction of an acid and a base that results in an ionic compound and possibly water
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Predict the solubility of NaNO₃
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Soluble
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Predict the solubility of NH₄Br
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Soluble
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Predict the solubility of (NH₄)₂SO₄
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Soluble
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Predict the solubility of (NH₄)₂CO₃
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Soluble
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Predict the solubility of BaBr₂
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Insoluble
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Predict the solubility of BaSO₄
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Insoluble
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Predict the solubility of Ba(OH)₂
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Insoluble
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Predict the solubility of BaCO₃
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Insoluble
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Acids and formulas
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Hydrochloric acid- HCl Acetic Acid- HC₂H₄O₂
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Bases and formulas
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Sodium hydroxide- NaOH Calcium Carbonate- CaCO₃ Ammonia- NH₃
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Sodium, potassium, and ammonium compounds
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Soluble with no exceptions
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Acetates and nitrates
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soluble with no exceptions
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Chlorides
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Soluble but lead and silver chlorides are insoluble
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Sulfates
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Soluble but Calcium, barium and lead(II) sulfates are insoluble
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Carbonates and Phosphates
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Insoluble but sodium, potassium and ammonium compounds are soluble
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Hydroxides
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Insoluble but sodium, potassium, and calcium compounds are soluble
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Sulfides
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insoluble but sodium, potassium, calcium and ammonium compounds are soluble
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H⁺ ions
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acids that cause BLUE litmus paper to turn red or pink
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OH⁻ ions
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bases cause PINK litmus paper to turn blue
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Molarity
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M (mol/L)
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Red litmus paper
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NH₃ NaOh
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Blue litmus paper
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HCl HC₂H₃O₂
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Describe how red litmus paper is affected by acids and bases
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The red litmus paper will not be affected by acids, but will turn blue when you test for a base
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Describe how blue litmus paper is affected by acids and bases
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The blue litmus paper will not be affected by a base but will turn red/pink when you test for an acid
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Which litmus paper would you test for an acid?
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Blue
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Which litmus paper would you use to test for a base?
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Red
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Balanced molecular and ionic equation for each reaction of a solid with HCL
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2HCl + CaCo₃→CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂ Ca²⁺+Cl⁻→CaCl₂ Ni(OH)₂+HCl→NiCl₂+H₂O Ni(OH)₂+H⁻→Ni²⁺+2HOH
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Balanced molecular and ionic equations for each neutralization reaction in which heat was evolved
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HC₂H₃O₂+NaOH→NaC₂H₃O₂+H₂O Na⁺C₂H₃O₂⁻→NaC₂H₃O₂ HCl+NH₃→H+NH₃Cl H⁺+NH₃→NH₄⁺
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What is the purpose of the trial titration?
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To find the approximate endpoint before we do a pair of exact titrations
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Describe the endpoint for the titration in some detail
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In this experiment we will use phenolphthalein as a indicator for the endpoint. To determine the endpoint we will search for a point in the titration at which 1 drop of NaOH solution causes the solution being titrated to turn from clear to a soft pink. This is the endpoint
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Explain why the walls of the flask are washed with distilled water during the titration. How will this affect the outcome of the titration?
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To remove any residue off of the sides of the beaker. Because it is distilled water, it will not contaminate the solution and will not mess up the titration
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Molarity =
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Moles/liters
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Titration
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Determine the amount of acetic acid in white vinegar by titration with a solution of sodium hydroxide whose concentration is known. The indicator will be phenolphthalein
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Chemical equations for reactions that will occur during lab 8 *Hess's law of heat summation
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NaOH+HCl→NaCl+H₂O NH₃+HCl→NH₄Cl NaOH+NH₄Cl→NaCl+NH₃+H₂O
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Surroundings
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Coffee-cup calorimeter air
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System
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NaOH HCl NH₃ NH₄Cl water
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Why does the temperature increase, reach a maximum, and then decrease?
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The temp. increases quickly due to the reaction and quickly reaches a maximum. Then the temp. decreases due to the heat gained by the surroundings because heat flowed through the walls of the calorimeter
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Exothermic
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temperature of the system increased
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What is Beer's law?
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The absorbance is directly related to the concentration of the substances that absorbs light. A=kc
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According to this law, what will be the value of the slope if absorbance is plotted against concentration?
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The slope of the line will be given by K(the constant) in a straight line
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Based on your data and using deductive reasoning, what can you conclude about the trends in the solubilities of the compounds of the alkaline earth metals?
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the heavier the more active
