Introduction To Sociology (Final Exam) – Flashcards
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A condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is called
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Social inequality
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Some elements of our society are socially constructed such as the social institutions, formal organizations, and bureaucracies. Which of the following is not a social construction?
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Ethnic groups Gender groups Racial groups All of the above are social constructions
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A society is
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A group of people who live within the same territory and share a common culture
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Sociologists such as George Herbert Mead, Erving Goffman, and Charles Horton Cooley believed that the development of the self - what makes us unique - is a result of
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Our interaction with others
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If a person refuses to hire members of a particular ethnic group not because of a personal dislike of that ethnic group, but because he or she fear business clients will go elsewhere, this is
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Discrimination without prejudice
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Mores are
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Norms to which people attach a good deal of importance and expect strict conformity
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Which of the following is NOT, by sociologists, regarded as a characteristic of a minority group?
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There are fewer of them than there are members of the dominant group
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Ethnocentrism refers to
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Belief that one's culture is "the best"; therefore, will tend to judge the behaviors of other groups by the standards of one's own culture
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Socialization is the process
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Of social interaction by which people acquire the knowledge, values, and behaviors essential for effective participation in society.
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A key element in sociological imagination is the ability to view one's society
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As an outsider
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Which term is used to refer to the principle instruments/means whereby the essential tasks (functional prerequisites) of living are organized, directed, and executed?
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Social institutions
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A proposition that can be tested to determine its validity is known as a
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Hypothesis
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Social constructs and social definitions
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Imply that meanings are produced in social interactions
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Which sociological perspective would view society as a system or living organism in which each part/component is related to each other and contributes to its overall survival and stability?
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Functionalist perspective
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Values are
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Broad ideas regarding what is desirable, correct, and good that most members of a society share
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Sociology is considered a science because sociologists
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Engage in organized and systematic study of phenomena to enhance understanding
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Which is not a focus of sociology?
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Chemical imbalances in people which lead to unusual behaviors
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Which sociological perspective looks for how social interactions take place and generalize about everyday forms of social interaction in order to understand society as a whole?
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Interactionist perspective
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Which term is used to refer to the methods and strategies that regulate behavior in our society?
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Social controls and/or sanctions
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Which sociological perspective focuses on the continual process of change? They tend to want to know "who benefits, who suffers, and who dominates at the expense of others in social relationships."
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Conflict perspective
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The social heritage of people - including learned patterns of thinking, feeling, and action is known as
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Culture
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A minority is defined as a category of people who are
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set apart by that society and experience subordination (disadvantage).
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Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory links deviance to
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the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage conventional behavior.
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Which of the following concepts refers to the practice of including people with disabilities in regular educational classes and programs?
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mainstreaming
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Regardless of race, families headed by single women are
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at high risk for poverty.
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The concept of "glass ceiling" refers to
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the barrier that prevents women from being promoted.
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In the United States, romantic love
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∆ is the reason most people expect to marry. ∆ is not a very stable foundation for marriage. ∆ may contribute to a high divorce rate. ∆ All of these responses are correct.
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Marx thought of inequality in terms of two main classes. In contrast, Weber envisioned inequality in terms of
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a socioeconomic ranking.
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If you were born into a traditional caste system, you would expect that, based on birth, you would be
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∆ raised to do a certain type of job. ∆ required to marry someone of your own social category. ∆ encouraged to socialize with other people within your own category. ∆ All of these responses are correct.
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Using the terms of Robert Merton's strain theory, which of the following concepts correctly describes the behavior of a school "dropout" who rejects both cultural goals and the conventional means to reach them?
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retreatist
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The concept "socialized medicine" refers to which of the following?
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All of the above
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Most criminal cases handled by the criminal justice system in the United States are resolved
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through plea bargaining.
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What Gunnar Myrdal called the "American dilemma" was
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the denial of basic rights to African Americans by a so-called "democratic society."
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In Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, which of the following concepts refers to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting the conventional means to achieve them?
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Innovation
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In 2011, Forbes magazine reported that approximately ___________ of our country's richest people were women.
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10%
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While prejudice is a matter of _____, discrimination is a matter of _____.
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attitude; action
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Because there are several hundred people in the United States for every police officer, police
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use discretion in deciding which situations warrant their attention.
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The functions of schooling include
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All of the above
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Assimilation refers to the process by which
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minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture.
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The concept "conspicuous consumption" refers to
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the practice of buying things to make a statement about one's social position
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Today, women represent ______ of all students on college campuses across the United States.
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57%
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Which of the following correctly states the effect of additional schooling on average lifetime income?
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Earning a high school diploma and earning a college degree both raise lifetime income levels.
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Margaret Mead's research on gender in three societies in New Guinea illustrates that
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traits that are defined as feminine in one society may be masculine in another.
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Which of the following refers to the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf?
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Corporate Crime
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Sociologists define the concept of "race" as
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a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important.
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From which world regions do most of today's U.S. immigrants come?
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Latin America and Asia
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The concept of sacred refers to what is
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seen as set apart from everyday life and extraordinary.
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Secularization refers to which of the following?
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the historical decline in the importance of the sacred
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For Chinese immigrants, one consequence of living in Chinatowns was
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All of the above
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Victimization surveys show that the actual amount of crime in the United States is about _____ what official reports indicate.
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More than twice as high
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In what percentage of rapes and attempted rapes on college campuses does the woman know her attacker?
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85%-90%
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The idea that social inequality benefits society is associated with the
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structural-functional approach
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Which of the following concepts refers to crime committed by persons of high social position during the course of their occupations?
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White-Collar Crime
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In the United States, an important medical issue is
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shortage of nurses
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The concept of "euthanasia" refers to
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assisting in the death of a person suffering from a terminal illness.
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Which of the following concepts refers to change in social position during a person's lifetime?
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intragenerational social mobility
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Institutional prejudice and discrimination refers to the fact that
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bias is built into the operation of social institutions.
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Using Robert Merton's strain theory, how would you classify a low-paid, yet compulsively conforming bank teller who never seems to want to get ahead but never seems to do anything wrong?
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ritualist
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Which sexually transmitted disease infects 24 million U.S. adolescents and adults (about one in six)?
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Gonorrhea
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Race refers to _____ considered important by a society; ethnicity refers to _____.
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biological traits; cultural traits
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Scapegoat theory states that prejudice is created by
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frustration among disadvantaged people.
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A judge sentences a young man who has committed several crimes to counseling and places him in a supportive foster home. Which of the following concepts describes these efforts to prevent further wrongdoing?
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rehabilitation
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Which of the following diseases is the biggest killer in today's high-income nations?
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Heart Disease
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The wealthiest 1 percent of U.S. families (the "super-rich") controls about _____ of the nation's privately held wealth.
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35%
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The concept criminal recidivism refers to
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later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes.
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When all the evidence is considered, about what share of the U.S. population is really at least somewhat religious?
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1/3
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Research shows that masculinity is linked to health because
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our culture's definition of masculinity encourages stress and heart disease.
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Which concept refers to attitudes and activities that a society links to people of each sex?
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gender roles
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Who coined the concept "survival of the fittest"?
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Herbert Spencer
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In the United States today, what percentage of people over the age of twenty-five have earned a four-year college degree?
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30%
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The killing of people in the Darfur region of Africa is a recent example of
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genocide
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Talcott Parsons explained that males tend to exhibit _____ behavior, while females are more _____.
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instrumental; expressive
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What concept did Erving Goffman use to refer to a powerful and negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity?
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Stigma
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Research suggests that, with regard to social class, arrest for FBI index crimes
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is higher for people of lower social position.
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The concept "homogamy" means that
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people marry others who are socially like themselves.
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Magnet schools encourage
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students to specialize in specific areas of study.
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Which of the following are functions of deviance noted by Emile Durkheim?
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All of the above
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Karl Marx believed that religion
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Supports social inequality
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Authoritarian personality theory states that extreme prejudice is
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a personality trait of certain individuals.
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Every society tries to regulate the behavior of individuals; this general process is called
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social control
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Work involving mostly mental activity is called
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white-collar work
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Prostitution is widely regarded as which of the following types of crime?
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Victimless crime
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Working class people might also be described as
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lower-middle class
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Criminal statistics gathered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation reflect
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Offenses known to the police
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Most cases of female genital mutilation occur in
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Africa
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The total amount of financial assets, minus any debts, is referred to as
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Wealth
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Which of the following concepts refers to social organization in which males dominate females?
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patriarchy
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Social stratification is a concept that refers to
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ranking categories of people in a hierarchy
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The anthropologist Oscar Lewis suggested the cause of poverty lies in
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a lower-class culture of poverty.
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What concept refers to the formal system that responds to alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials?
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the criminal justice system
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The point of the story about passenger deaths that accompanied the sinking of the ocean liner Ttitanic is that
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social stratification is important and can sometimes be a matter of life and death.
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Holistic medicine asserts that
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patients should rely on themselves-not just physicians-to ensure their health.
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Which of the following concepts refers to "the recognized violation of cultural norms"?
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deviance
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"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime
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refers to a violation of norms enacted into law.
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The Hispanic population of the United States is
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concentrated in the West, Southwest, and southern Florida.
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Religion is a social institution that is BEST defined as involving
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beliefs and practices concerning what is sacred.
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A national civil rights movement, which ended most instances of lawful discrimination, took place during
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1950s and 1960s
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According to the most recent data, African Americans accounted for about what percentage of the U.S. population?
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13%
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Significant immigration of Asian Americans to the United States was first sparked by
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The California Gold rush
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In the United States in 2010, women in the labor force working full time earned ______ to every dollar men earned.
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78 cents
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The "beauty myth" refers to the idea that
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women learn to measure their personal importance in terms of physical appearance.
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As of 2011, women held about what share of seats in Congress?
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17%
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The basic idea behind labeling theory is that
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deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do.
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Using the terms in Robert Merton's strain theory, which of the following concepts correctly describes the behavior of a radical activist who rejects just about everything in the existing society in favor of some alternative system?
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rebel
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Opposition to feminism is
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directed mostly at socialist and radical feminism.
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The likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crime rises sharply
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during the late teenage years
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Which of the following factors tends to raise your social standing?
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marry and stay married
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According to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based primarily on
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differences in power between various categories of people.
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What is the effect of industrialization on the number of children in a typical family?
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Families have fewer children
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The concept of structural social mobility refers to
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change in the social position of many people due to changes in society itself.
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The concept of gender refers to
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the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male.
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Sociological analysis of religion is concerned with
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understanding patterns of religious activity and their effect on society.
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Which of the following concepts refers to earnings from work or any investments?
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income
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A caste system is defined as
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social stratification based on ascription, or birth
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Which of the following statements is correct?
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Women commit far fewer crimes than men.
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A system of marriage that unites one woman with two or more men is called
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polyandry.
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If a parent threatens a child with punishment in order to discourage wrongdoing, the parent is using punishment to accomplish which of the following?
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detterence
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Which of the following concepts refers to the historical practice in England of passing on property to only the first-born male descendant?
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the law of primogeniture
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A charismatic leader is most likely to be found in which of the following?
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cult
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Looking back over U.S. history, we see a general trend by which women
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have gained opportunities and power
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The concept "endogamy" refers to marriage between
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people of the same social category.
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What is the form of social organization in which females dominate males?
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matriarchy
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Which of the following statements illustrates the "medicalization of deviance"?
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All of the above
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According to Karl Marx, which class forms the core of the industrial proletariat?
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the working class
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The concept of "comparable worth" means that
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people should be paid according to the level of skill and responsibility involved in the work.
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Which of the following concepts refers to the fusion of Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist in character?
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fundamentalism
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The idea that social inequality is harmful and divides society is associated with the
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social-conflict approach
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The U.S. Census Bureau defines the "family" as
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people living together who are linked by birth, marriage, or adoption.
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Which of the following statements accurately describes social stratification in the People's Republic of China?
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A new set of social classes is gradually emerging.
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According to the Davis-Moore thesis
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the more inequality a society has, the more productive it is.
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A family that includes parents, children and other kin is called
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an extended family
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The greatest preventable cause of death in the United States is
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cigarette smoking
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Looking back in history, the oldest justification for punishing an offender is
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retribution
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The concept "meritocracy" refers to social stratification
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based entirely on personal merit
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About _____ of the richest people in the United States gained at least some of their fortune from inheritance.
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2/3
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The overall social standing of Native Americans is
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below the national average
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According to the structural-functional approach, which of the following is counted among the tasks of the family?
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All of the above
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The claim that the United States is a postdenominational society is based on a movement
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supporting spiritualism, but away from formal denominations.
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Roughly 40 to 45 percent of the U.S. population falls within the
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middle class
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Comparing school performance, researchers have found that the main cause of the achievement gap between rich and poor children is
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differences in home enviroments
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Native Americans gained the right to U.S. citizenship in
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1924
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A family composed of one or two parents and their children is called
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a nuclear family
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In poor nations around the world, about what percentage of children die before they reach their first birthday?
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10%
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You are expressing a "stereotype" if you
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apply a simplified description to every person in some category.
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Which of the following is the largest minority category within the U.S. population?
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people of Hispanic descent
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Today, sociologists emphasize that race is a ____________________________, not a biological one.
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socially constructed reality
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__________ refer(s) to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity."
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gender
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