question

Norms are

answer

Social rules that specify appropriate behavior in a given situation

question

Achieved status is a social position

answer

That individuals secure on the basis of choice and competition

question

A subculture is

answer

A group whose members participate in the main culture of a society, while simultaneously sharing a number of unique values, norms, traditions, and lifestyles

question

Any violation of norms, whether good or bad is called

answer

Deviance

question

A condition in which members of a society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is called

answer

Social inequality

question

Some elements of our society are socially constructed such as the social institutions, formal organizations, and bureaucracies. Which of the following is not a social construction?

answer

Ethnic groups Gender groups Racial groups All of the above are social constructions

question

A society is

answer

A group of people who live within the same territory and share a common culture

question

Sociologists such as George Herbert Mead, Erving Goffman, and Charles Horton Cooley believed that the development of the self - what makes us unique - is a result of

answer

Our interaction with others

question

If a person refuses to hire members of a particular ethnic group not because of a personal dislike of that ethnic group, but because he or she fear business clients will go elsewhere, this is

answer

Discrimination without prejudice

question

Mores are

answer

Norms to which people attach a good deal of importance and expect strict conformity

question

Which of the following is NOT, by sociologists, regarded as a characteristic of a minority group?

answer

There are fewer of them than there are members of the dominant group

question

Ethnocentrism refers to

answer

Belief that one's culture is "the best"; therefore, will tend to judge the behaviors of other groups by the standards of one's own culture

question

Socialization is the process

answer

Of social interaction by which people acquire the knowledge, values, and behaviors essential for effective participation in society.

question

A key element in sociological imagination is the ability to view one's society

answer

As an outsider

question

Which term is used to refer to the principle instruments/means whereby the essential tasks (functional prerequisites) of living are organized, directed, and executed?

answer

Social institutions

question

A proposition that can be tested to determine its validity is known as a

answer

Hypothesis

question

Social constructs and social definitions

answer

Imply that meanings are produced in social interactions

question

Which sociological perspective would view society as a system or living organism in which each part/component is related to each other and contributes to its overall survival and stability?

answer

Functionalist perspective

question

Values are

answer

Broad ideas regarding what is desirable, correct, and good that most members of a society share

question

Sociology is considered a science because sociologists

answer

Engage in organized and systematic study of phenomena to enhance understanding

question

Which is not a focus of sociology?

answer

Chemical imbalances in people which lead to unusual behaviors

question

Which sociological perspective looks for how social interactions take place and generalize about everyday forms of social interaction in order to understand society as a whole?

answer

Interactionist perspective

question

Which term is used to refer to the methods and strategies that regulate behavior in our society?

answer

Social controls and/or sanctions

question

Which sociological perspective focuses on the continual process of change? They tend to want to know "who benefits, who suffers, and who dominates at the expense of others in social relationships."

answer

Conflict perspective

question

The social heritage of people - including learned patterns of thinking, feeling, and action is known as

answer

Culture

question

A minority is defined as a category of people who are

answer

set apart by that society and experience subordination (disadvantage).

question

Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory links deviance to

answer

the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage conventional behavior.

question

Which of the following concepts refers to the practice of including people with disabilities in regular educational classes and programs?

answer

mainstreaming

question

Regardless of race, families headed by single women are

answer

at high risk for poverty.

question

The concept of "glass ceiling" refers to

answer

the barrier that prevents women from being promoted.

question

In the United States, romantic love

answer

∆ is the reason most people expect to marry. ∆ is not a very stable foundation for marriage. ∆ may contribute to a high divorce rate. ∆ All of these responses are correct.

question

Marx thought of inequality in terms of two main classes. In contrast, Weber envisioned inequality in terms of

answer

a socioeconomic ranking.

question

If you were born into a traditional caste system, you would expect that, based on birth, you would be

answer

∆ raised to do a certain type of job. ∆ required to marry someone of your own social category. ∆ encouraged to socialize with other people within your own category. ∆ All of these responses are correct.

question

Using the terms of Robert Merton's strain theory, which of the following concepts correctly describes the behavior of a school "dropout" who rejects both cultural goals and the conventional means to reach them?

answer

retreatist

question

The concept "socialized medicine" refers to which of the following?

answer

All of the above

question

Most criminal cases handled by the criminal justice system in the United States are resolved

answer

through plea bargaining.

question

What Gunnar Myrdal called the "American dilemma" was

answer

the denial of basic rights to African Americans by a so-called "democratic society."

question

In Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, which of the following concepts refers to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting the conventional means to achieve them?

answer

Innovation

question

In 2011, Forbes magazine reported that approximately ___________ of our country's richest people were women.

answer

10%

question

While prejudice is a matter of _____, discrimination is a matter of _____.

answer

attitude; action

question

Because there are several hundred people in the United States for every police officer, police

answer

use discretion in deciding which situations warrant their attention.

question

The functions of schooling include

answer

All of the above

question

Assimilation refers to the process by which

answer

minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture.

question

The concept "conspicuous consumption" refers to

answer

the practice of buying things to make a statement about one's social position

question

Today, women represent ______ of all students on college campuses across the United States.

answer

57%

question

Which of the following correctly states the effect of additional schooling on average lifetime income?

answer

Earning a high school diploma and earning a college degree both raise lifetime income levels.

question

Margaret Mead's research on gender in three societies in New Guinea illustrates that

answer

traits that are defined as feminine in one society may be masculine in another.

question

Which of the following refers to the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf?

answer

Corporate Crime

question

Sociologists define the concept of "race" as

answer

a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important.

question

From which world regions do most of today's U.S. immigrants come?

answer

Latin America and Asia

question

The concept of sacred refers to what is

answer

seen as set apart from everyday life and extraordinary.

question

Secularization refers to which of the following?

answer

the historical decline in the importance of the sacred

question

For Chinese immigrants, one consequence of living in Chinatowns was

answer

All of the above

question

Victimization surveys show that the actual amount of crime in the United States is about _____ what official reports indicate.

answer

More than twice as high

question

In what percentage of rapes and attempted rapes on college campuses does the woman know her attacker?

answer

85%-90%

question

The idea that social inequality benefits society is associated with the

answer

structural-functional approach

question

Which of the following concepts refers to crime committed by persons of high social position during the course of their occupations?

answer

White-Collar Crime

question

In the United States, an important medical issue is

answer

shortage of nurses

question

The concept of "euthanasia" refers to

answer

assisting in the death of a person suffering from a terminal illness.

question

Which of the following concepts refers to change in social position during a person's lifetime?

answer

intragenerational social mobility

question

Institutional prejudice and discrimination refers to the fact that

answer

bias is built into the operation of social institutions.

question

Using Robert Merton's strain theory, how would you classify a low-paid, yet compulsively conforming bank teller who never seems to want to get ahead but never seems to do anything wrong?

answer

ritualist

question

Which sexually transmitted disease infects 24 million U.S. adolescents and adults (about one in six)?

answer

Gonorrhea

question

Race refers to _____ considered important by a society; ethnicity refers to _____.

answer

biological traits; cultural traits

question

Scapegoat theory states that prejudice is created by

answer

frustration among disadvantaged people.

question

A judge sentences a young man who has committed several crimes to counseling and places him in a supportive foster home. Which of the following concepts describes these efforts to prevent further wrongdoing?

answer

rehabilitation

question

Which of the following diseases is the biggest killer in today's high-income nations?

answer

Heart Disease

question

The wealthiest 1 percent of U.S. families (the "super-rich") controls about _____ of the nation's privately held wealth.

answer

35%

question

The concept criminal recidivism refers to

answer

later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes.

question

When all the evidence is considered, about what share of the U.S. population is really at least somewhat religious?

answer

1/3

question

Research shows that masculinity is linked to health because

answer

our culture's definition of masculinity encourages stress and heart disease.

question

Which concept refers to attitudes and activities that a society links to people of each sex?

answer

gender roles

question

Who coined the concept "survival of the fittest"?

answer

Herbert Spencer

question

In the United States today, what percentage of people over the age of twenty-five have earned a four-year college degree?

answer

30%

question

The killing of people in the Darfur region of Africa is a recent example of

answer

genocide

question

Talcott Parsons explained that males tend to exhibit _____ behavior, while females are more _____.

answer

instrumental; expressive

question

What concept did Erving Goffman use to refer to a powerful and negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity?

answer

Stigma

question

Research suggests that, with regard to social class, arrest for FBI index crimes

answer

is higher for people of lower social position.

question

The concept "homogamy" means that

answer

people marry others who are socially like themselves.

question

Magnet schools encourage

answer

students to specialize in specific areas of study.

question

Which of the following are functions of deviance noted by Emile Durkheim?

answer

All of the above

question

Karl Marx believed that religion

answer

Supports social inequality

question

Authoritarian personality theory states that extreme prejudice is

answer

a personality trait of certain individuals.

question

Every society tries to regulate the behavior of individuals; this general process is called

answer

social control

question

Work involving mostly mental activity is called

answer

white-collar work

question

Prostitution is widely regarded as which of the following types of crime?

answer

Victimless crime

question

Working class people might also be described as

answer

lower-middle class

question

Criminal statistics gathered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation reflect

answer

Offenses known to the police

question

Most cases of female genital mutilation occur in

answer

Africa

question

The total amount of financial assets, minus any debts, is referred to as

answer

Wealth

question

Which of the following concepts refers to social organization in which males dominate females?

answer

patriarchy

question

Social stratification is a concept that refers to

answer

ranking categories of people in a hierarchy

question

The anthropologist Oscar Lewis suggested the cause of poverty lies in

answer

a lower-class culture of poverty.

question

What concept refers to the formal system that responds to alleged violations of the law using police, courts, and prison officials?

answer

the criminal justice system

question

The point of the story about passenger deaths that accompanied the sinking of the ocean liner Ttitanic is that

answer

social stratification is important and can sometimes be a matter of life and death.

question

Holistic medicine asserts that

answer

patients should rely on themselves-not just physicians-to ensure their health.

question

Which of the following concepts refers to "the recognized violation of cultural norms"?

answer

deviance

question

"Crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime

answer

refers to a violation of norms enacted into law.

question

The Hispanic population of the United States is

answer

concentrated in the West, Southwest, and southern Florida.

question

Religion is a social institution that is BEST defined as involving

answer

beliefs and practices concerning what is sacred.

question

A national civil rights movement, which ended most instances of lawful discrimination, took place during

answer

1950s and 1960s

question

According to the most recent data, African Americans accounted for about what percentage of the U.S. population?

answer

13%

question

Significant immigration of Asian Americans to the United States was first sparked by

answer

The California Gold rush

question

In the United States in 2010, women in the labor force working full time earned ______ to every dollar men earned.

answer

78 cents

question

The "beauty myth" refers to the idea that

answer

women learn to measure their personal importance in terms of physical appearance.

question

As of 2011, women held about what share of seats in Congress?

answer

17%

question

The basic idea behind labeling theory is that

answer

deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do.

question

Using the terms in Robert Merton's strain theory, which of the following concepts correctly describes the behavior of a radical activist who rejects just about everything in the existing society in favor of some alternative system?

answer

rebel

question

Opposition to feminism is

answer

directed mostly at socialist and radical feminism.

question

The likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crime rises sharply

answer

during the late teenage years

question

Which of the following factors tends to raise your social standing?

answer

marry and stay married

question

According to the social-conflict approach, what a society labels as deviant is based primarily on

answer

differences in power between various categories of people.

question

What is the effect of industrialization on the number of children in a typical family?

answer

Families have fewer children

question

The concept of structural social mobility refers to

answer

change in the social position of many people due to changes in society itself.

question

The concept of gender refers to

answer

the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male.

question

Sociological analysis of religion is concerned with

answer

understanding patterns of religious activity and their effect on society.

question

Which of the following concepts refers to earnings from work or any investments?

answer

income

question

A caste system is defined as

answer

social stratification based on ascription, or birth

question

Which of the following statements is correct?

answer

Women commit far fewer crimes than men.

question

A system of marriage that unites one woman with two or more men is called

answer

polyandry.

question

If a parent threatens a child with punishment in order to discourage wrongdoing, the parent is using punishment to accomplish which of the following?

answer

detterence

question

Which of the following concepts refers to the historical practice in England of passing on property to only the first-born male descendant?

answer

the law of primogeniture

question

A charismatic leader is most likely to be found in which of the following?

answer

cult

question

Looking back over U.S. history, we see a general trend by which women

answer

have gained opportunities and power

question

The concept "endogamy" refers to marriage between

answer

people of the same social category.

question

What is the form of social organization in which females dominate males?

answer

matriarchy

question

Which of the following statements illustrates the "medicalization of deviance"?

answer

All of the above

question

According to Karl Marx, which class forms the core of the industrial proletariat?

answer

the working class

question

The concept of "comparable worth" means that

answer

people should be paid according to the level of skill and responsibility involved in the work.

question

Which of the following concepts refers to the fusion of Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist in character?

answer

fundamentalism

question

The idea that social inequality is harmful and divides society is associated with the

answer

social-conflict approach

question

The U.S. Census Bureau defines the "family" as

answer

people living together who are linked by birth, marriage, or adoption.

question

Which of the following statements accurately describes social stratification in the People's Republic of China?

answer

A new set of social classes is gradually emerging.

question

According to the Davis-Moore thesis

answer

the more inequality a society has, the more productive it is.

question

A family that includes parents, children and other kin is called

answer

an extended family

question

The greatest preventable cause of death in the United States is

answer

cigarette smoking

question

Looking back in history, the oldest justification for punishing an offender is

answer

retribution

question

The concept "meritocracy" refers to social stratification

answer

based entirely on personal merit

question

About _____ of the richest people in the United States gained at least some of their fortune from inheritance.

answer

2/3

question

The overall social standing of Native Americans is

answer

below the national average

question

According to the structural-functional approach, which of the following is counted among the tasks of the family?

answer

All of the above

question

The claim that the United States is a postdenominational society is based on a movement

answer

supporting spiritualism, but away from formal denominations.

question

Roughly 40 to 45 percent of the U.S. population falls within the

answer

middle class

question

Comparing school performance, researchers have found that the main cause of the achievement gap between rich and poor children is

answer

differences in home enviroments

question

Native Americans gained the right to U.S. citizenship in

answer

1924

question

A family composed of one or two parents and their children is called

answer

a nuclear family

question

In poor nations around the world, about what percentage of children die before they reach their first birthday?

answer

10%

question

You are expressing a "stereotype" if you

answer

apply a simplified description to every person in some category.

question

Which of the following is the largest minority category within the U.S. population?

answer

people of Hispanic descent

question

Today, sociologists emphasize that race is a ____________________________, not a biological one.

answer

socially constructed reality

question

__________ refer(s) to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity."

answer

gender

Introduction To Sociology (Final Exam) – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards