Intro. to Sociology – Ch. 11 review – Flashcards
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social change
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significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and culture
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social movements
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used by sociologists to refer to organized collective activities aimed at bringing about fundamental changes in existing society
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relative deprivation
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the conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities
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resource mobilization
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the ways in which a social movement utilizes such resources as money, political influence, access to the media, and personnel
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Anthony Oberschall
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sociologist who argued that in order to sustain social protest or resistance, there must be an "organizational base and continuity of leadership"
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false consciousness
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attitudes that do not reflect workers' objective positions
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new social movements
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organized collective activities that address values and social identities as well as improvements in the quality of life
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evolutionary theory
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theory of social change which holds that society is moving in a definite direction
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Charles Darwin
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his pioneering work in biological evolution contributed to nineteenth-century theories of social change. According to his approach, there has been a continuing progression of successive life forms.
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Auguste Comté
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saw societies as moving forward in their thinking from mythology to the scientific method
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Émile Durkheim
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maintained that society progressed from simple to more complex forms of social organization
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unilinear evolutionary theory
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states that social change passes through the same successive stages of evolution and inevitably reach the same end
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multilinear evolutionary theory
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evolutionary approach that contends that social change can occur in several ways and does not inevitably lead in the same direction
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Talcott Parsons
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functionalist sociologist who developed the equilibrium model of social change
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equilibrium model of social change
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sociological perspective that argues that when changes occur in one part of a society, there must be adjustments made in other parts.
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differentiation
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in Parson's equlibrium model of social change, term used to indicate the increasing complexity of social organization
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active upgrading
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in Parson's equilibrium model of social change, term used to note that one feature of social change is that social institutions become more specialized in their purposes
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value generalization
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in Parson's equilibrium model of social change, term used describe the development of new values that tolerate and legitimate a greater range of activities that societies experience
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Ralf Dahrendorf
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the sociologist who noted that the functionalist perspective's emphasis on stability and the conflict perspective's focus on change reflect the contradictory nature of society
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Randall Collins
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the sociologist who correctly predicted the collapse of the Soviet Union based on that country's twentieth-century expansionism and overextension of resources
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Thorstein Veblen
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sociologist responsible for coining the term "vested Interests"
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vested interests
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those people or groups who will suffer in the event of social change and who have a stake in maintaining the status quo
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William F. Ogburn
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sociologist who pointed out that nonmaterial culture typically must respond to changes in material culture
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culture lag
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refers to the period of maladjustment during which the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions
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luddites
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rebellious craft workers in nineteenth-century England who destroyed new factory machinery as part of their resistance to the new industrial revolution
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technology
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cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires
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genetic engineering
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a new technique of using technology to increase food production and alter plant genes
