Intro to human disease (midterm prep) – Flashcards
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The immune system protects the body by distinguishing _____
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Self from non-self
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Leukocytes that can engulf and destroy pathogens are known as _____
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Phagocytes
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Adaptive immunity includes two separate but overlapping arms called _____.
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cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity
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_____ provide defense against extracellular antigens like bacterial toxins and bacterial cells.
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Antibodies
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_____ provide defense against viruses, abnormal cells, and other intercellular pathogens.
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Cell-mediated immunity
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_____ refers to a visual examination of the external surface of the body, its movements, and posture for abnormalities or evidence of disease.
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Inspection
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_____, producing sounds by tapping on specific areas of the body with fingers, hands, or small instruments, allows evaluation of the size, consistency, and borders of the body organs, and the presence or absence of fluid in body areas.
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Percussion
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_____ uses computers and x-rays to create three-dimensional images of internal structures.
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Computed tomography
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_____ analyzes the interaction of low-frequency sound waves with tissues to create moving images of internal organs
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Ultrasound
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______ uses radioactive materials to create contrast in the body and help form images of the structure and function of organs.
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Nuclear medicine
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A pathogen is a _____.
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disease-causing microorganism
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The word _____ is derived from Greek words that mean "to cause suffering"
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Pathogen
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Infectious diseases transmitted directly by human contact are said to be _____.
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Contagious or communicable
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Tracking the _____ of a disease is tracking the number of new cases of a disease in a population.
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Incidence
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When a disease always occurs at low levels in a population, it is said to be _____.
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Endemic
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People who harbor an infectious agent but do not have signs or symptoms are known as _____.
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Carriers
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_____ transmission describes transmission of an infectious disease from a reservoir to a susceptible human.
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Horizontal
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_____ transmission of an infectious disease occurs when an individual is infected by contact with the reservoir.
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Direct horizontal
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_____ transmission of an infectious disease occurs when a pathogen can withstand the environment outside of its host for a long period of time before infecting another individual.
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Indirect transmission
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Intravenous drug users who share needles can transmit infectious diseases like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV via _____ contact.
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Indirect
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Cancer is the _____ most common cause of death in the United States.
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second
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Benign tumors are _____, and remain localized.
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Not life threatening, grow slowly
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Benign tumors have a _____.
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smooth surface and are symmetrical
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Malignant tumors have a _____-like appearance and an irregular surface.
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crab
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Malignant tumors _____.
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are not encapsulated, making excision more difficult
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An osteosarcoma is a malignant tumor of _____.
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Bone
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The most important risk factor for cancer is _____.
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Growing older
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Cigarette smoking causes about _____ of all cancer deaths in the United States.
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30%
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The _____ increases the risk for cancers of the cervix, penis, vagina, anus, and vulva.
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Human papillomavirus
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Uncontrolled cell division is the result of _____ in genes that play a role in cell division.
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Mutations
