Into to CJ: Chapter 3 study guide – Flashcards
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Which of the following is a product of the Enlightenment period, or that Age of Reason, a period of history that begun in the early 1500s and lasted until the last 1700s?
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Classical theory
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Several modifications of classical theory are collectively referred to as:
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Neoclassical theory
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Which of the following theories assumes that crime is committed by free-willed individuals who engage in a hedonistic rationality?
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Classical theory
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Which of the following theories is based on the belief that criminals are physiologically different from noncriminals?
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Biological positivism
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What did Lombroso call a person predisposed to crime?
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An atavist
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Your text names four types of heredity studies. Three are listed below. Which one does not belong?
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Somatotype studies
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Low levels of the brain neurotransmitter _____ have been found in impulsive murderers and arsonists.
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Serotonin
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Which of the following theories is associated with the first large-scale study of crime in the United States?
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Social disorganization theory
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The research of the Chicago School was based in a model taken from:
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Ecology
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According to Merton, ___________ pursue the cultural goal of wealth only through legitimate institutional means.
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Conformists
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According to Merton, ______ do not actively pursue the cultural goal of wealth (they are willing to settle for less), but follow the legitimate institutional means anyway.
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Ritualists
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According to Merton, _______ pursue that cultural goal of wealth through illegitimate means.
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Innovators
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Clowward and Ohlin names three types of gangs in your textbook. Three are listed below, which of the following is NOT one of those types?
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Ritualist
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Sutherland's ______ states the persons who become criminal do so because of contacts with criminal patterns and isolation from noncriminal patterns.
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Differential association theory
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For Sutherland, ____________ describes communities that vary in the degree to which they promote or inhibit criminal associations based on the way or to the degree that they are organized.
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Differential social organization
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What do learning theories call the presentation of a stimulus that increases or maintains a response?
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Positive reinforcement
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From the perspective of ______, people are expected to commit a crime and delinquency unless they are prevented from doing so.
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Social control theory
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Which of the following is the commission of crime subsequent to the first criminal act and the acceptance of a criminal label?
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Secondary deviance
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A problem with labeling theory is that it tends to ___________ the importance of the official labeling process.
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Overemphasize
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Which of the following assumes that society is based primarily on disagreements between competing interest groups-for instance, the rich against the poor, management against labor, whites against minorities, men against women, adults against children?
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Conflict theory
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Which of following theories assumes that crime is a product of the class struggle in society?
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Radical theoryq
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Which of the following focuses on women's experiences and ways of knowing because, in the past, men's experiences have been taken as the norm and generalized to the population?
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Feminist theory
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For Emile Durkheim, the cause of crime is ________, that is, the dissociation if the individual from the ________.
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Anomie; collective conscience
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A theory of crime attempts to explain why or how a certain thing or certain things are related to criminal behavior.
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True
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Criminal anthropology is the study of "criminal" human beings.
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True
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Administering testosterone to male sex offenders has been found to reduce their sexual drives.
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False; estrogen
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Psychopaths, sociopaths, or antisocial personalities are characterized by no sense of guilt, no subjective conscience, and no sense of right or wrong.
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True
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Extinction is the presentation of an aversive stimulus to reduce a response.
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False
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According to conflict theorists, criminal law and the criminal justice system are used by dominant groups to control subordinate ones.
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True
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Special or specific deterrence is the use of the punishment of specific individuals to prevent people in general or society at large from engaging in crime.
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False, general deterrence
