Interpersonal Communicatuon-Comm 221 URI Test 2 5-8 – Flashcards
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What are features of all Language?
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Language is symbolic, rule governed and subjective.
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Phonological Rules
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Linguistic rules governing how sounds are combined to form words.
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Syntactic Rules
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Govern the way symbols can be arranged.
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Semantic Rules
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Semantics governs the meaning of statements. Without semantic rules, communication would be impossible.
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Pragmatic Rules
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We learn to distinguish the accurate meanings of speech acts through pragmatic rules. They tell us what uses and interpretations of a message are appropriate in a given context.
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The Coordinated management of meaning
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CMM-- theory that describes some types of pragmatic rules that operate in everyday conversations. It suggests we use rules at several levels to create our own messages and interpret others' statements.
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The Ogden and Richards model
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oversimplified in that onot all words refer to physical "things" or referents.
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Linguistic Relativism
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The worldview of a culture is shaped and reflected by the language its members speak.
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Names can be--
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A reflection of ethnic identity or status.
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Convergence
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The process of adapting one's speech style to match that of others with whom the communicator wants to identify.
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Divergence
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Communicators who want to set themselves apart from others--speaking in a way that emphasizes their differences.
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Powerless speech mannerisms
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Apologetic and uncertain, speakers whose talk is free of these mannerisms rated as more competent, dynamic, and attractive than speakers who sound powerless
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Sexist language
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Includes words, phrases, and expressions that unnecessarily differentiate between females and males or exclude, trivialize, or diminish either sex.
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Racist language
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Reflects a worldview that classifies members of one racial group as superior and others as inferior. May not all be deliberate.
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Ambiguous language
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Consists of words and phrases that have more than one commonly accepted definition.
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Abstraction
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Convenient ways of generalizing about similarities between several objects, people, ideas or events.
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Euphemisms
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Innocuous words substituted form blunt ones.
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Relative language
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Words/statements that only gain meaning through comparison (I go to a small school. small compared to what?)
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Static evaluation
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The tendency to speak and respond to someone today the same way we did in the past, not recognizing that people and relationships change over time.
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Factual statements
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Statements whose accuracy can be verified as true or false.
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Opinion statements
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statement based on the speaker's beliefs.
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Inferential statements
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Conclusions arrived at from an interpretation of evidence.
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Emotive language
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Seems to describe something but really announces the speaker's attitude toward it.
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3 approaches that represent different sides in the gender and language debate
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Fundamental differences, important differences, minor differences.
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Nonverbal communication
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messages expressed by nonlinguistic means.
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Characteristics of nonverbal Communication are--
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All behavior has communicative value, nonverbal comm is primarily relational, nonverbal comm is ambiguous, nonverbal comm is influenced by culture.
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Emblems
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Nonverbal behaviors...culturally understood substitutes for verbal expression.
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Functions of nonverbal communication are:
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Creating and maintaining relationships, regulating interaction, influencing others, concealing and deceiving and managing identity.
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Nonverbal regulators
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Cues that help control verbal interaction.
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3 ways to manage identity nonverbally are:
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Manner, appearance, and setting.
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Types of nonverbal communication:
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Face and eyes, body movement, touch, voice, distance, territoriality, time, physical attractiveness, clothing, and physical environment.
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Oculesics
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Study of how the eyes communicate.
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Kinesics
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describe the study of how people communicate through bodily movements.
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Manipulators
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Movements in which one part of the body grooms, massages, rubs, holds, fidgets, pinches, picks, or otherwise manipulates another part.
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Haptics
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The study of touching.
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Paralanguage
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The way a message is spoken. Vocal rate, pronunciation, pitch, tone, volume, and emphasis can give the same word or words many meanings.
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Disfluencies
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A nonlinguistic verbalization. For example, um, er, ah.
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Proxemics
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The study of how comm is affected by the use, organization, and perception of space and distance.
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Intimate distance
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0in-18in space with those you are very close to. Private situations.
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Personal distance
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18 inches to 4 feet.
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Social distance
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4 to 12 feet.
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Public distance.
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12 feet or more. Lectures etc...
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Chronemics
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Study of how humans use and structure time.
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Clothing conveys 10 types of messages to others:
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Economic, education, trustworthiness, social position, level of sophistication, economic background, social background, educational background, level of success, moral character.
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Listening
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The process of making sense of others' spoken messages.
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Mindless listening
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occurs when we react to others' messages automatically and routinely, without much mental investment.
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Mindful liistening
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Involves giving careful and thoughtful attention and responses to the messages we receive.
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Reasons for listening are:
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To understand, to evaluate, to build and maintain relationships, and to help others.
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Listening fidelity
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The degree of congruence between what the listener understands and what the message sender was attempting to communicate.
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Silent listening
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Staying attentive and nonverbally responsive without offering any verbal feedback.
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Questioning
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The most popular piece of language. Occurs when the listener asks the speaker for additional information.
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Sincere questions
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Aimed at understanding others
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Counterfeit questions
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Disguised attempts to send a message, not receive one.
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Empathizing
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A response style listeners use when they want to show that they identify with a speaker.
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Supporting responses
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Reveal the listener's solidarity with the speaker's situation.
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Analyzing
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The listener offers an interpretation of a speaker's message.
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Evaluating response
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Appraises a sender's thoughts or behaviors in some way.
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Emotional Contagion
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process by which emotions are transferred from one person to another...catching emotions.
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Fallacy of perfection
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The irrational belief that a worthwhile communicator should be able to handle every situation with complete confidence and skill.
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Fallacy of approval
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seek acceptance from others, even to the extent of sacrificing their own principles and happiness.
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Fallacy of should
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the inability to distinguish between what is and what should be.
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Fallacy of overgeneralization
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negative conclusions are based on limited evidence. Also, exaggerate shortcomings.
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Fallacy of causation
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belief that they should do nothing that can hurt others, inconvenience others because it would cause them to feel bad.
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Fallacy of helplessness
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forces beyond our control determine our satisfaction.
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Fallacy of catastrophic expectations
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the irrational belief that the worst possible outcome will probably occur.
