Integrated Pest Management Chapter 1 – Flashcards
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What percent of crop losses to pests in developed countries?
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30%
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Definition of a pest
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a living organism such as an insect, fungus or weed that has a damaging effect on livestock, crop plants or stored products
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Categories of pests (six categories)
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1. Pathogens (fungi, bacteria, mollicutes and viruses) 2. Weeds (all classes of vascular plants) 3. Nematodes (roundworms) 4. Mollusks (slugs and snails) 5. Arthropods (insects, mites, crustaceans, other joint legged invertebrates) 6. Vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals)
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What determines the absolute yield of a crop?
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Genetic yield potential of the variety.
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Is the absolute yield ever achieved? Why or why not?
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No, because environmental conditions and economically feasible cultivation practices limit the attainable yield at a level below the absolute yield.
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What else limits yield besides environmental conditions and economically feasible cultivation practices?
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The cumulative effect of all pest organisms, including weeds, pathogens, insects and animals limit yield
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Define the study of ecology.
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The study of organisms, their relationships with each other and with their biotic and abiotic environments.
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Define Integrated Pest Management
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applied ecology
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Five Levels of an ecology
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Biosphere, Ecosystem, Population, Organism, Tissue
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What are the four elements of a pest tetrahedron?
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pest, environment, crop, time
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When does a potential pest organism become an actual pest? 4 things
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1. Suitable host must be available 2. Environment must be correct for pest and host 3. Time must be adequate for pest to interact with host. 4. Some human activity involving the host must be compromised (in other words, it has to be a problem)
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Define indirect pest
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A pest that feeds on or infects the vegetative organs of the plant, damaging it's ability to produce the harvested part.
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Define direct pest
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A direct pest feeds on or infects the part of the plant that is harvested.
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Is the corn borer direct or indirect pest? Corn earworm?
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Corn borer, which bores into corn stalks - indirect pest. Corn earworm, direct pest
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Is a pest always a pest?
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No, many aphids not a problem in a wheat crop, but they destroy the value of lettuce because people won't buy a head of lettuce if it has a single aphid on it.
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Give an example of environment as a factor in the pest tetrahedron
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Phytophthora infestans, the Irish potato blight pathogen, is unable ot attack a crop in a dry climate -- it needs a moist environment
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How is time a factor?
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Many pathogens require several hours of specific environmental conditions in order to infect the host.
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Define major or key pest
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A pest that occurs regularly and will usually affect crop yield.
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Minor pests
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Occur routinely but only cause minor damage and insignificant crop losses
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Secondary pests
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Potential to cause serious damage but are usually under control by natural enemies, used most commonly in regard to arthropod pests
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Occasional pests
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These pests are not always present, but can be a problem from time to time. THis only applies to pests that are mobile or die out at the end of the season. A warm winter may cause an outbreak of an occasional pest because it survives winter.
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Potential pests
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typically not a problem, but the possibility is there if conditions change
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Migrant pests
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highly mobile -- classic example is the locust
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Nonpests
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Organisms that never achieve pest status, some are beneficial
