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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual is the standard classification of mental disorders

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DSM IV

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International Classification of Diseases, standard diagnostic tool for health management, epidemiology and clinical purposes

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ICD

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mental illness criterion is rooted in a view from the medical world that abnormal behavior is of physiological origin (disordered neurotransmission)

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Medical Model

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supposed to be objective, now assumed to be reductionist, biopsychosocial approach to diagnose and treatment (ICD/DSM)

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Classification System

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Affective, Behavioral, Cognitive, Somatic

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ABCS of Symptoms

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emotional elements (fear, sadness, anger)

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Affective

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observational behavior (crying or pacing)

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Behavioral

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ways of thinking (pessimism, self-image)

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Cognitive

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physical symptoms (facial twitching, cramping)

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Somatic

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when clinicians expect certain groups of patients to be more prone to depression or more likely to interpret symptoms as related to depression even though the same symptoms would be interpreted as something else by a different person

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Overpathologization

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a mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance, quality or person

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Stigma

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people may begin to act as they think they are expected to

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Self-fulfilling Prophecy

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racial/ethnic, confirmation, reporting, powerlessness and depersonalization

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Types of Bias

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abnormalities thought to be culturally specific example: neurasthenia (anxiety) - China

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Culture-bound Syndromes

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production of recurrent and multiple medical symptoms with no discernible organic cause

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Somatization

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problem of identifying symptoms of a psychological disorders if they are not the norm of the clinicians own culture

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Culture Blindness

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identification of symptoms

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Symptomology

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study of causes; why people suffer from a disorder

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Etiology

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measure of the total number of cases of the disorder in a given population

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Prevalence Rate

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average age at which the disorder is likely to appear

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Onset

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form of irrational fear as the central disturbance (PTSD)

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Anxiety Disorders

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characterized by dysfunctional moods (MDD)

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Affective Disorders

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characterized by eating patterns which lead to insufficient or excessive intake of food (Bulimia)

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Eating Disorders

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Major Depressive Disorder

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MDD

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individual experiences 2 weeks of a depressed mood or a loss of interest and pleasure; for addition symptoms such as insomnia, appetite disturbances, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness, thoughts of suicide or difficulty concentrating

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MDD Symptoms

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primarily biological, may be triggered by an adverse social or environmental change

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MDD Etiology

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genetic predisposition/vulnerability, long term stress trigger, serotonin/cortisol

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MDD Biological Analysis

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depressed cognitions, cognitive distortions and irrational beliefs, produced the disturbances of mood, irrational/illogical thinking or emotion

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MDD Cognitive Analysis

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life strains such as flunking, divorce, unemployment, more prevalent in women

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MDD Sociocultural Analysis

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study in which participants are chosen on a basis of a variable and then followed to see what happens long term

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Prospective Study

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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PTSD

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intrusive memories of traumatic event, emotional withdrawal, heightened automatic arousal (insomnia, hyper-vigilance, loss of control of anger, aggressive behavior)

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PTSD Symptoms

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results as a response to a specific stressor

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PTSD Etiology

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nor-adrenaline (emotional arousal)

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PTSD Biological Analysis

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intrusive memories, "have little control over life", guilt, triggers (certain stimuli)

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PTSD Cognitive Analysis

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experiences of abuse, racism, oppression, or fear

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PTSD Sociocultural Analysis

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inability to feel positive emotions

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Anhedonia

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over-exposure to stressful events (re-experience)

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Flooding

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stress reactions will eventually fade out

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Habituation

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remembering what a certain symptom feels like

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Body Memory Symptoms

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eating disorder marked by bingeing, followed by methods to avoid weight gain

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Bulimia Nervosa

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patient experiences symptoms as something distressing that he or she is unable to control

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Ego-dystonic Behavior

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therapeutic beliefs and practices rooted within a given culture

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Indigenous Healing Practices

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verses from Taoist writings that highlight principles such as restricting selfish desires, learning to be content, learning to let go are read to client

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Chinese Taoist Cognitive Psychotherapy

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emphasizes that relationships between people and the settings they live in, resources that promote healing, enhancement of coping strategies, and collaboration

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Ecological Model

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approach that incorporates principles or techniques from various systems/theories

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Eclectic Approach to Therapy

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increase the level of available serotonin by preventing its re-uptake in the synaptic gap

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SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors)

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arbitrary interference, selective abstraction, over-generalization, exaggeration, personalization, and dichotomous thinking

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6 Patterns of Faulty Thinking

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drawing wrong conclusions about oneself by making invalid connections (Faulty Thinking)

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Arbitrary Interference

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drawing conclusions by focusing a single part of a whole (Faulty Thinking)

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Selective Abstraction

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applying a single incident to all similar incidents (assuming) (Faulty Thinking)

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Over-generalization

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overestimating significance of negative events (Faulty Thinking)

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Exaggeration

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assuming that others behavior is done with the intention of hurting/humiliating you (Faulty Thinking)

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Personalization

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all-or-nothing approach to world (Faulty Thinking)

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Dichotomous Thinking

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deactivating networks of fear, creation of oral history archive to collect, study and disseminate survivors' memories

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Testimonial Psychotherapy

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Being Sane in Insane Places Used 7 criteria to diagnose normal/abnormal -suffering -maladaptiveness -irrationality -unpredictability -vividness/unconventionality -observer discomfort -violation of moral or ideal standards Healthy people received abnormal diagnosis

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Rosenhan *STUDY

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Characteristics of normal -efficient self-perception -realistic self-esteem and acceptance -voluntary control of behavior -true perception of the world -sustaining relationships and giving affection -self-direction and productivity

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Jahoda Mental Health Criteria

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reliability of DSM III for anxiety disorders: high reliability for OCD, low reliability for accessing generalized anxiety disorder, due to problems with interpreting how excessive worries are

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DiNardo DSM *STUDY

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compared new diagnosis with original diagnosis, of the 89: only 16 received the same diagnosis; 50 diagnosed with mood disorder: only 15 diagnosed initially

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Lipton and Simon Validity *STUDY

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Brown and Harris based on depression: increase likelihood by lacking employment away from home, absence of social support, several young children at home, loss of mother at an early age, or history of child abuse

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Vulnerability Model

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interactionist approach to explaining psychological disorders, claims that depression may be a result of heredity predisposition with precipitating events in the environment

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Diathesis-Stress Model

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Brown and Harris hospital treatment vs. doctor: working class is more prone, one or more young children, widowed, divorced at least one severe life even or major difficulty

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Theory of Social Factors in Depression

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Rwanda genocide, PTSD epidepic (forced isolation, rape, loss of parents, helplessness witnessing)

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Rwanda Case Study

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Abnormal-difficult to diagnose because symptoms are reported --Deviation form the norm -unusual behavior may be desirable (genius) -undesirable behavior is sometimes normal (depression) -Norms differ due to culture and age (criteria is not universal) -ethical issues (social labeling, discrimination, violation of human rights) --Social Deviation -normality defined by standards of social behavior -variation within social groups -situational norms -developmental norm -prevailing moral values may affect norms -pressure to be "normal" (conforming, repression) --Culturally diversity (ambiguous/subjective) --Normal people may not fill the "normal" characteristics --difficult to measure, vague to diagnose

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Examine the concepts of normality and abnormality.

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-Medical Model -MDD --genetic predisposition, deficiency in neurobiological systems (serotonin-mood, noradrenaline, cortisol-stress) -PTSD --possible genetic predisposition, noradrenaline levels, stimulation of adrenal glands)

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Discuss the interaction of biological factors in abnormal behavior.

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-Irrational and illogical thinking --Cognitive Behavior or Emotion Therapy --Cognitive Reconstruction (modify faulty beliefs) -MDD (direct therapy) --ABC principle: Activating event, faulty belief, emotional consequence --Change thinking style; over generalization, non-logical interference, dichotomous thinking -PTSD --lack of control of life, world is unpredictable, guilt --intrusive memories triggered by sounds, sights, smells, etc.; associated with trauma (flooding)

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Discuss the interaction of cognitive factors in abnormal behavior.

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-Cultural considerations (culture bound syndromes, individualistic-affective/collectivist-somatic, culture blindness) -MDD --women more prone if presented with severe life event, vulnerability model, common cultural symptoms (sad affect, loss of enjoyment, anxiety, etc) -PTSD --racism/oppression are predisposing factors --avoiding situations that trigger anxiety/panic --social learning (observing domestic violence)

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Discuss the interaction of sociocultural factors in abnormal behavior.

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-Bias -Self-fulfilling Prophecy -Stigmatism -Powerlessness and Depersonalization

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Ethical Considerations in Diagnosis

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Ethical issues in diagnosis, labels/stigmas, provides patients with a new identity

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Szasz

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Self-fulfilling prophecy; may internalize the role of "mentally ill patient" and show more symptoms

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Scheff

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Tested social perception; showed a videotape of a man and his job experience -Group 1: told the man was a job applicant-judged to be attractive and conventional-looking -Group 2: told the man was patient-described as tight, defensive, dependent and frightened by his own aggressive impulses --clearly demonstrated the power of schema processing

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Abelson

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Racial/Ethnic Bias -4 conditions: African American/non-depressed, European/non-depressed, African American/depressed, European/depressed -rated the African American woman with more negative terms and saw them as less competent that the European American women

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Jenkins-Hall and Sacco

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clinician has expectation of patient and looks for symptoms, overreact and see an abnormality

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Confirmation bias

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explains that, in India, mentally ill people are cursed and looked down upon

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Cohen

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somatization of symptoms -impossible to compare depression cross-culturally because it may be experienced with substantially different symptoms or behaviors

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Kleinman

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Twin Studies and concordance rate of major depression MZ Twins-65% DZ Twins-14%

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Nurnberger and Gershon

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abnormal levels of noradrenaline and serotonin in patients suffering with major depression

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Delgado and Moreno

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-group cohesion -exclusion -confidentiality -relationship with therapist

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Factors to Consider with Group Therapy

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MDD Prevalence: affects around 15% of people in their lifetime, 2 to 3 times more common in women than men, occurs more frequently in members of lower socio-economic groups, more common in young adults Treatment: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) -aim: identify and correct faulty cognitions and unhealthy behaviors

answer

Describe symptoms and prevalence of one psychological disorder. Evaluate the use of one approach to the treatment of the disorder.

IB Psychology Paper 2 (Abnormal)

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