IB History Paper 1
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France Territory Gained
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Alsace-Lorraine
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France War Casualties in WWI
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1.3 million dead 4 million wounded 300k buildings destroyed 21Mm^2 farmland destroyed
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British War Casualties in WWI
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1 million dead 2 million wounded
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German War Casualties in WWI
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2 million dead 6.3 million wounded
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Financial Cost for Allies
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29billion euros
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Financial Cost for Germany
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8.5 billion euros
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Wilson's Aims
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Freedom of Navigation Self-determination Create the League of Nations
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Clemenceau's Aims
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Make Germany pay - demilitarisation, fines, etc. Regain Alsace-Lorraine (taken by Germany in 1871) Protection from future German attack
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Llyod George's Aims
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Gain colonies Ensure that Germany can remain a viable trading partner Punish Germany to an extent (promised in campaign)
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Orlando's Aims
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Gain the territories promised in the Treaty of London 1915: Fiume, Dalmation Coast
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Saionji's Aims
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Racial equality for Japan Acquire Germany's Pacific colonies
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Upper Silesia
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Dispute settled by the League. Plebiscite: East (53 coal mines) joined Poland, West (14 coal mines, 3x land area) remained German.
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Marienwerder, Allenstein
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Voted to remain German
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Memel
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Seized by Lithuania in 1920
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Danzig
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Free city under League of Nations' control
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Schleswig
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Plebiscite: North joined Denmark, South remained German
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Eupen, Malmady
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Transferred to Belgium
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Rhineland
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Administered by Germany, but: No fortifications allowed No military forces to be garrisoned with the area
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Saar
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Coal-producing region controlled by the League of Nations until 1935, when it voted to remain German. Until then, France was given all of its coal.
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1918
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March 3, 1918 To exit WWI, Russia signed over to Germany Finland, Baltic States, Blarus, and Ukraine Showed German harshness
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German Cessions
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13% Territory; 12% Population 48% Iron; 16% Coal; 15% Agriculture
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Limits on German Navy
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6 Battleships and cruisers 12 destroyers and torpedo boats 0 submarines
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April 1921: German Reparations Cost
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132 billion gold marks over 30 years
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Dawes Plan 1924
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132 billion gold marks First 5 years: Annual payments rise from 1 billion to 2.5 billion Afterwards, payments at varying levels according to economy Allies kept control of railways, Reichsbank, and customs Germany given 800 million marks as a loan for stability
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Young Plan 1929
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37 billion gold marks Repaid over 58 years Allied supervision discontinued: troops withdrawn in June 1930
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Amount Germany Actually Paid
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11.03 billion marks
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German Inflation Nov 4 1923
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200 billion marks = $1 USD Inflation occurred because Germany printed money in response to deficit
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Rentenmark
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1 Rentenmark = 1 trillion paper marks Instituted November 1923 Backed by mortgage of property
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Locarno Pact (October) 1925
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Signed with Britain, France, Belgium and Italy First act of appeasement Agreed to guarantee Franco-German and Belgo-German borders but NOT eastern German borders (Polish corridor)
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Germany joins League of Nations
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September 1926 Given veto power Allowed not to participate in action if unrealistic given restrictions
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Treaty of Berlin 1926
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24 April 1926 Soviets and Germany pledged neutrality against each other
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End of Allied Occupation of Germany
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France left Ruhr 1924-25 Allies left Zone 1 by December 1925 Allies left Zone 2 in October 1929 Allies left Zone 3 in June 1930
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Kellogg-Briand Pact
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August 27, 1928; Endorsed by League US, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Japan Impractical: renounced aggressive war except in matters of self-defence.
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Hoover Moratorium
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1931-32 No debt payments from Germany
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Treaty of St. Germain 1919
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10 September 1919 (Austria) South Tyrol, Istria, Trentino to Italy Fiume internationalised (caused rise of fascism in Italy) Dalmation coast south of Fiume, Bosnia-Herzegovina to Yugoslavia Bukovina to Romania Bohemia and Moravia to Czechoslovakia
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Treaty of Neuilly 1919
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27 November 1919 (Bulgaria) South Albania and Western Thrace to Greece North Macedonia to Yugoslavia Borudja to Romania Bulgaria pays 0.5 million dollars in reparations Economic union with Germany forbidden
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Treaty of Grand Trianon 1920
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4 June 1920 (Hungary) Slovakia and Ruthenia to Czechoslovakia Croatia-Slovenia to Yugoslavia Banat, Transylvania to Hungaria Burgenland to Austria (tensions) Loss of 2/3 of territories
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Treaty of Sèvres 1920
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10 August 1920 (Turkey) Smyma to Greece Eastern Thrace to Italy Syria to France (mandate) Palestine, Iraq, Mesopotamia to Britain (mandate)
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Little Entente
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1920: Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia 1921: Romania joined
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Washington Naval Conference 1921-22
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Ratio for capital-ship tonnage US:UK:JP:FR:IT = 5:5:3:1.75:1.75
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London Naval Conference 1930
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Revise Washington Conference \"Escalator Clause\" allowed US, UK, and Japan to exceed limits if national security was threatened
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Treaty of Rapallo 1922
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16 April 1922; Germany and Soviets renounced territorial and financial claims following WWI and Brest-Litovsk Germany tested military weapons on Soviet territory to circumvent Treaty of Versailles
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Article 231 Treaty of Versaille
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War Guilt Clause: Germany and her allies accepted full responsibility for causing WWI
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Treaty of Lausanne 1923
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24 July 1923 (Turkey); revised Treaty of Sevres 1920 after Kemal defeated the Greeks: Eastern Thrace back to Turkey Turkey allowed to close Straits to enemies during war
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Aaland Islands
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Disputed by Sweden and Finland in 1921. League settled the dispute and gave the Finns the islands after they guaranteed an independent government.
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League of Nations Health Department
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Helped to control epidemics in Eastern Europe
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League of Nations Refugees Department
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Assisted Austrian refugees in Vienna and Greeks in Thrace and Asia Minor
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International Labour Organisation
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Won action in Persia, where young children had been employed in making carpets
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Corfu Incident
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21 August 1923, Tellini and 4 staff assassinated in Greece; Mussolini demanded apology and 50mill lire. The League was appealed to, but unable to stop aggression. Mussolini ordered bombardment of Corfu but withdrew his forces in September under pressure from Britain. ITALY WAS A MEMBER OF THE COUNCIL
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Geneva Protocol 1924
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Proposed by PM MacDonald of Britain. Called for members to submit disputes to League's International Court of Justice and commit members to enforcing its decisions. Baldwin, newly-elected British PM, dropped the proposal
