(IB History) Everything Paper 1
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Date of the Washington Naval Conference
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1921-22
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What was the aim of the Washington Naval Conference?
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To improve Anglo-Japanese relations
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Terms of the Washington Naval Conference
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Japanese navy would not intimidate British navy Japan withdraws from China Western powers stop building naval bases near Japan
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Effects of the Washington Naval Conference
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Anglo-Japanese relations improved
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Date of the Geneva Conference
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April 1922
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Aim of the Geneva Conference
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To improve Franco-German relations To deal with European war debts to USA To resume diplomatic relations with Russia
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What happened at the Geneva Conference?
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Germany refused to pay reparations France refused to compromise Failure
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Effect of the Geneva Conference
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Failed Rapallo Agreement
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Date of the Rapallo Agreement
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1922
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Countries in the Rapallo Agreement
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1922 Germany and USSR
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Terms of the Rapallo Agreement
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1922 Germany and USSR wrote off financial aims Germany would ask the USSR before taking part in international relations
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Effect of the Rapallo Agreement
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1922 Outcasts of Germany were becoming friends
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Reparations of the Treaty of Versailles
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132 billion gold marks 50 million pound to be paid immediatly
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When was the Ruhr Crisis?
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November 1922
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Ruhr Crisis
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November 1922 German government asked for a postponement in reparations Britain said yes, France refused Germany failed to produce enough timber French and Belgium troops invaded the Ruhr
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Who was the Ruhr Crisis led by?
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November 1922 Raymond Poincare (French)
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Historian on the Ruhr Crisis
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France invaded the Ruhr also to see if there was the possibility of an independent Rhineland
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Germany's response to the Ruhr Crisis
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November 1922 Workers went into passive resistance Germany couldn't make money
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When was Germany's hyperinflation?
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1923
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How did hyperinflation happen?
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1923 Weimar recklessly printed money instead of raising taxation
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How much did unemployment rise to after hyperinflation?
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2% to 23%
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Germany's reaction to hyperinflation
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Hjalmer Schacht introduced new currency and policies
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Solution to hyperinflation
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Dawes Plan (1924)
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When was the Dawes Plan?
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1924
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How much money did the Dawes Plan give to Germany?
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1924 16 billion Reichmarks from US loans
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Terms of the Dawes Plan
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1924 Reparations rescheduled France would leave the Ruhr Short term US loans
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Effect of the Dawes Plan
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1924 Standard of living increased Wages increased Schools/houses/hospitals built
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Evidence of the effectiveness of the Dawes Plan
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1924 Germany was the second largest industrial nation by 1929
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When was the Locarno Treaty?
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1925
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Aim of the Locarno Treaty
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1925 Germany wanted improved relations with Britain and France Germany wanted less reparations
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Who was at the Locarno Conference?
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1925 Britain, France, Italy, Germany, Belgium
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Terms of the Locarno Conference
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1925 Germany enters the League of Nations Demilitarization of the Rhineland The Western borders of Germany were to be accepted Any attacked country could appeal to the LoN Any breach of the treaty, and Britain and Italy would attack them
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What was the problem with the Locarno Conference?
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1925 The definition of a \"flagrant breach of treaty\" was ill defined
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Was France happy with the Locarno Conference? Why?
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1925 No France was not able to threaten Germany with another invasion of the Rhineland, caused insecurity
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Historian on Locarno Conference
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Ruth Henig The Locarno Conference caused Anglo-French friction. It was the most French security Britain was willing to give and the least France was willing to accept
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Effects of the Locarno Treaty
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Germany was an equal again Discouraged relations between Germany and the USSR Locarno Honeymoon
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Historian on the effects of the Locarno Conference
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Margaret Lamb The statesmen had such incompatiblae aims that peace was highly unlikely
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Why was Britain upset after the Locarno Conference?
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Chamberlain Wanted to enhance France's security without committing the British military Wanted to conciliate Germany at the same time
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Why was Germany upset after the Locarno Conference?
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Stresemann Wanted a revision of the ToV but was not successful
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Why was France upset after the Locarno Conference?
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Briand Was focused on increased security from Germany, didn't pay attention to Britain
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Long term effect of the Locarno Conference
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The Spirit of Locarno had evaporated by the end of the 1920's
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When was the Treaty of Berlin?
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1926
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What countries signed the Treaty of Berlin?
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1926 Germany and USSR
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Aims of the Treaty of Berlin
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1926 Germany wanted to reassure Russia after the Locarno Treaty
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Terms of the Treaty of Berlin
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1926 USSR and Germany promised to remain neutral in case either was attacked
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When was the Kellogg Briand Pact?
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1928
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Who was Briand?
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The French Foreign Minister
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Who was Frank B. Kellogg?
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The US Secretary of State
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How was the Kellogg Briand Pact made?
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1928 Briand wanted a treaty with the USA to stop war between USA and France This was highly unlikely Briand really wanted a military alliance between them Coolidge and Kellogg saw through this and proposed that all countries sign it
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How many countries joined the Kellogg Briand Pact?
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15 countries (1928) 65 countries (1933)
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Terms of the Kellogg Briand Pact
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1928 Renounced war as a national policy Countries were allowed to defend themselves after aggression
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Historian on the Kellogg Briand Pact
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Only fools think that peace can be maintained without effort or expense
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When was the Young Plan?
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1929
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Terms of the Young Plan
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1929 Replaced the Dawes Plan Reparations reduced from 132-121 billioin $300 million loan to Germany All troops withdraw from Rhineland
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When was the Hoover Moratorium?
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1931
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What was the Hoover Moratorium?
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1931 Banking crisis Hoover proposed a moratorium (pause in all political activity)
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Response to the Hoover Moratorium
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1931 France said no, because reparations wouldn't start again
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When was the Lausanne Conference?
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1932
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Terms at the Lausanne Conference
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1932 Suspension of reparations from 3 years Reparations reduced to 3 billion gold marks
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When was the Wall Street Crash?
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29 October 1929
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How many Germans were unemployed by the Wall Street Crash?
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Richard Overy 8 million by 1932
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Effect of the Wall Street Crash historian
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The economic crisis soured relations between the countries Renewed resentments Created selfishness
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Impact of the Great Depression on Germany (cursory)
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Nazi Party rose in popularity Unemployment Hitler becomes Chancellor (30 January 1933)
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Aims of Hitler's foreign policy
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Creation of a German Reich with all German speakers Lebensraum for the German master race Grosswirtschaftsraum to give Germans the resources they needed
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Size of the German Army (1930's)
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German army was weak (1933) German army was stronger (1936)
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When did Germany withdraw from the League of Nations?
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1933
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Revision of the Treaty of Versailles
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Reunion of the Saar Conscription and rearmament in Germany Re-militarization of the Rhineland
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When was the Saar reunified?
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1935
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How was the Saar reunified?
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1935 The inhabitants of the Saar voted to join Germany
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Did the unification of the Saar break the ToV?
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No
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When did Hitler implement conscription and rearmament?
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1935
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Did conscription and rearmament break the ToV?
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Yes
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When was the Stresa Front?
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1935
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What was the Stresa Front?
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1935 Britain, Italy, France Weak attempt to cooperate against further violations of the ToV
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When was the Anglo-German Naval Convention?
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1935
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What was the Anglo-German Naval Convention?
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1935 Britain allowed Germany to have a navy 35% as big as Britain
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Did the Anglo-German Naval Convention break the ToV?
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Yes
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When was the Rhineland re-militarized?
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1936
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Did the re-militarization of the Rhineland break the ToV?
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Yes
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Why did Britain start appeasement?
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Britain had always thought the Treaty of Versailles was too harsh. When Germany started acting out, Britain thought that making concessions would satisfy her
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Why did Britain follow through with appeasement?
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Support from the US was not guaranteed Britain had other things to worry about (unrest in India and Palestine)
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Historian on appeasement
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James P Levy The statesmen were only trying to keep peace. They had no way of knowing what was coming
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Japan before the Great Depression
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Cooperated with the West In the League of Nations
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Japan after the Great Depression
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Growth of military influence in politics Imperialist aggression to solve their economic difficulties
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Japanese imperialism after the Great Depression
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Invasion of Manchuria (1931) Invasion of China (1937) Occupation of Indo-China (1940) Pearl Harbor (1941)
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Italy before the Great Depression
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Peaceful policy
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Italy after the Great Depression
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Unemployment Wages dropped Aggressive policies
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Effects of the Great Depression in Italy
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Invasion of Abyssinia (1935-36) Withdrawal from the League of Nations Closer links with Germany Less links with Britain and France
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When was the Pact of Steel?
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1939
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What was the Pact of Steel?
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1939 Italian and German military alliance
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Effect of the Pact of Steel
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1939 Gave Hitler the confidence to challenge the Treaty of Versailles
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When was the arms race?
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Mid 1930's
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When did USSR rearm?
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1930
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When did Britain rearm?
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1934
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When did France rearm?
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1936
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When did Hitler accelerate (start) rearmament?
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1936
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Historian on rearmament
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Richard Overy Rearmament did not cause WWII, but it created uncertainty so that Europe couldn't take another crisis
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When was the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
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1939
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What was the Nazi-Soviet Pact?
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1939 USSR was looking for security Military alliance between Germany and USSr
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When was the Manchurian Crisis
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1931
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What was the Mukden Incident?
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Japanese Army blew up the South Manchurian Railway and blamed it on the Chinese Japan occupied Manchuria
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Chinese response to the Manchurian Crisis
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Chiang Kai-Shek had a passive response, he was more concerned with the CCP
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LoN response to the Manchurian Crisis
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The League did nothing
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Why did the League not respond to the Manchurian Crisis?
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Japan had left the League, they were powerless Britain and France were preoccupied with the Great Depression and Hitler USA would have been the only state able to fight Japan, but they had an isolationist policy
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Historian on Manchurian crisis and the League of Nations
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Anthony Adamthwaite The Manchurian Crisis showed that the League was useless
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Aims of Mussolini at the Abyssinian Crisis
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Gain revenge for Italian defeat To claim territories
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Proof of the League's uselessness at the Abyssinian Crisis
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The Abyssinian emperor knew that Mussolini wanted to invade. He appealed to the League of Nations FOUR TIMES but they did nothing
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Response to the League of Nations to the Abyssinian Crisis
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Condemned Italy's invasion Economic sanctions (sales of arms/rubber/metals)
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Why did economic sanctions after Abyssinia not work?
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Sanctions weren't introduced until 6 weeks after the invasion Sanctions were not put on products Mussolini actually needed Countries not in the League (Japan, Germany, USA) kept trading with Italy
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Why did the League not do more than economic sanctions after Italy?
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The League feared a Italy-German alliance Britain and France did not want war because they had not properly rearmed
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Effects of the Abyssinian Crisis
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League was shown to be weak (this encouraged Hitler) Italy withdrew from the League Mussolini and Hitler became closer Stresa Front collapsed
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When was the Geneva/World Disarmament Conference?
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1932-34
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Aim of the Geneva/World Disarmament Conference
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1932-34 Balance French and German military forces
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Geneva/World Disarmament conference
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1932-34 France and Germany could not come to an agreement US and Britain were sympathetic to German claims A new conference would be held in 1933
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What happened at the Geneva/World Disarmament conference?
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1932-34 Hitler withdrew from the Conference
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Effect of the Geneva/World Disarmament conference
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1932-34 Hitler left free to rearm openly
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When was the London Naval Conference?
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1930
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Aim of the London Naval Conference
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1930 To extend the Washington Naval Treaty To avoid a navl race
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London Naval Conference
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1930 Restrictions on US/British/Japanese cruisers
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When was the second London Naval Conference?
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1935-36
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Second London Naval Conference
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1935-36 Continued the first London Naval Conference
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Where was the Geneva Conference held?
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Genoa
