IB Geography Urban Environments – Flashcards
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occurs when affluent people move from the city to rural areas
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exurbanisation
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the process of increasing the density of residential buildings in an urban area. Infilling gaps, bringing disused buildings back into productive use, etc.
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urban consolidation
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movement and resettlement of people from inner city locations to new areas of housing farther from the CBD
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suburbanisation
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when manufacturing industries and people relocate outwards from the urban center
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decentralisation
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when middle class people move into run down inner city areas with the intention of renovating the old buildings
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gentrification
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refers to shape and appearnace of urban centers... the urban dynamics, or processes, operating there
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urban morphology
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as distance from the PLVI increases, land prices decrease... also reflecting this, building heights decrease.
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distance decay
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land uses are arranged around the CBD in concentric circles, with the profitable uses being found closest to the city center
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Burgess Model
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Argues that land uses tend to be arranged in cells or patches throughout the city depending on the availability and the quality of land
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Multiple Nuclei Model
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retailers can afford the highest rents, but they are not prepared to pay high prices if they are not in highly accessible areas
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bid rent theory
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in the CBD residential land use is usually outbid by retailing and office space so the population of the CBD part of the city is low
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population density hollow
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suggested that land uses in cities are arranged in sectors rather than concentric circles. wealthy live on higher ground... manufacturing and industry is along transport routes
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Hoyt (Sector) Model
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the point of the highest land value
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Peak Land Value Intersection
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A city with a population of at least 10 million people.
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Megacity
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a process where wealthy residents become so concerned about their security and defending their luxury lifestyles that special access and freedom of movement becomes restricted
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spatial exclusion
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occurs when there is a marked decline in the number of people living in large metropolitan areas
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counterurbanisation
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An area has became so run-down, with graffiti, abandoned buildings and vandalism it encourages people to move away.
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Urban Blight
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Abandoned or underused industrial building which has the potential to be redeveloped.
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Brownfield Site
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'Homemade' housing using scavenged materials such as corrugated iron, cloth and plastic.
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Shanty Housing
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People who have no legal title on the land they live on. The do not rent or own land and will build or live on vacant land, such as nearby railways or on steep slopes.
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Squatters
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Reflects the lack of inner-city demand. Many vacant blocks, derelict buildings, graffiti. It is not a source of employment, tax revenue or income.
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Urban Decay
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The processes operating in an urban area.
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Urban Dynamics
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Increase in size of an urban area or an increase in the number of people living in an urban area.
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Urban Growth
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Urban areas becoming warmer than their surroundings. Is done by cement retaining heat, car exhausts, pollution fumes, etc.
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Urban Heat Island
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A governmental programme, converting run-down areas into attractive public areas. E.g. London Docklands in Sydney, Australia.
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Urban Renewal
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Unplanned and uncontrolled expansion of a city into surrounding areas.
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Urban Sprawl
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An increasing percentage of a country's population moves into towns and cities. It can be due to migration or natural increase.
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Urbanisation
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Deals with how the temperature, precipitation and wind patterns in an urban enviroment differ from the surrounding area. Urban heat island is PART of this, not all of it!
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Microclimate
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Movement toward the center. In this case, movement toward the city center.
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Centripetal
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Movement away from the center. In this case, movement away from the city center.
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Centrifugal
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Inputs come into the city and are recycled in order to reduce the amount of negative outputs like trash and pollution
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Circular City System
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Inputs come into the city such as people, natural resources and energy and products as well as waste, noise and congestion are the cities outputs.
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Linear CIty System
