IB Chem Exam: Medicine and Drugs – Flashcards
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Medicine
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a substance that improves health
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Therapeutic Effect
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the beneficial effect of a medicine/intended physiological effect
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Placebo Effect
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Patients gain Therapeutic Effect from their belief that they have been given a useful drug, even when they have not
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Methods used to administer drugs
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1. Oral 2. Inhalation 3. Skin Patches 4. Suppositories (inserted into the rectum) 5. Eye or ear drops 6. Parenteral - by injection
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Intramuscular
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drug injected muscle
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Subcutaneous
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drug injected into fat
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Intravenous
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drug injected into veins
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Side-Effect
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unintended physiological effect
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Dosing Regime
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the amount of drug used for each dose and the frequency of administration
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Therapeutic Window
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the range of a drug's concentration in the blood between its therapeutic level and its toxic level
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Tolerance
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occurs when repeated doses of a drug result in smaller physiological effects
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List 3 different ways in which drugs can be injected into the body. Predict, giving a reason, which of the three methods will result in the drug having the most rapid effect.
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intramuscular- into the muscle, subcutaneous- into fat, and intravenous- into veins. The fastest will be intravenous, because it will enter into the bloodstream, spreading throughout the whole body.
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State what is meant by tolerance towards a drug and explain why it is potentially dangerous.
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Tolerance occurs when repeated doses of a drug result in smaller physiological effects. It is potentially dangerous, because by consuming more than the recommended dose, a person is in danger of surpassing the therapeutic effect to toxic effect.
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Gastric Juice
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excess production of hydrochloric acid
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Acid indigestion
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a feeling of discomfort from too much acid in the stomach.
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Heartburn
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acid from the stomach rising into the esophagus - often called acid reflux
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Ulcer
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damage to the lining of the stomach wall, resulting in loss of tissue and inflammation
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Use + purpose of antacids
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neutralize excess acidity in stomach
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Aluminum Hydroxide with Hydrochloric Acid
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Al(OH)3 +3HCl to AlCl3 + 3H2O
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Magnesium Hydroxide with Hydrochloric Acid
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Mg(OH)2 +2HCl to MgCl2 + 2H2O
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Differences between Aluminum and Magnesium
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- Magnesium salts tend to be faster acting - Aluminum provides longer-lasting relief since Aluminum salts dissolve more slowly - Aluminum linked to Alzheimer's
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Sodium hydrogencarbonate
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NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H2O + CO2
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Calcium Carbonate
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CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
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Magnesium Hydroxide and Aluminum Hydroxide can act as antacids. (a) Write an equation for the reaction of HCl with each of these antacids (b) Identify which antacid neutralizes the greater amount of acid if 0.1 mol of each antacid is used. (c) Suggest why potassium hydroxide is not used as an antacid.
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Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl MgCl2 + 2H2O and Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O Al(OH)3 reacts with H+ in mole ratio of 1-3; Mg(OH)2 reacts with H+ in mole ratio of 1:2 SO 0.1 mole of Al(OH)3 will neutralize the greater amount. KOH should not be used because it's a strong alkali so it would be dangerous for the body cells, and would upset the pH.
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Mild analgesics
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intercept pain at the source by interfering with the production of substances (enzymes) that cause pain.
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Advantages/Beneficial Effects of Aspirin
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prevents inflammation/anti-inflammatory thins blood reduces fever effective against blood clots
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Disadvantages/unwanted Side-effects of Aspirin
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allergic reactions Reye's syndrome stomach bleeding irriates the stomach lining
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Advantages/Beneficial Effects of Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)
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doesn't usually irritate stomach allergic reactions rare recommended for children
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Disadvantages/unwanted Side-effects of Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)
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liver/kidney damage
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Strong analgesics
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bond to pain receptors in the brain, preventing the transmission of nerve impulses.
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Strong analgesics' beneficial effect
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PAIN RELIEF
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Strong analgesics' side-effect
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constipation
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Aspirin and Paracetamol (acetaminophen) are described as mild analgesics. (a) Explain the difference in the method of action of mild analgesics and strong analgesics (b) Give one therapeutic effect of aspirin, other than reducing pain, which is common to Paracetamol (c) Give one therapeutic effect of aspirin which is not common to Paracetamol
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A: Mild analgesics: intercepts pain at the source by interfering with the production of the substances (enzymes) that cause pain. Strong analgesics: bond to pain receptors in the brain, preventing the transmission of nerve impulses (b) reduces fever (c) reduces inflammation
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Codeine, morphine, and heroin are described as strong analgesics. (a) State two functional groups common to codeine, morphine, and heroin. (b) A patient has been prescribed morphine following surgery. State the main effect and a major side-effect she will experience.
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two functional groups are ether and alkene. Main effect: pain relief, Side-effect: constipation
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Depressants
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drugs that act on the brain and spinal cord; change communication between brain cells with neurotransmitters and as a result, cause decrease in brain activity (which in turn affects other parts of the body, eg: heart, breathing rate)
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uses of Ethanol
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clean wounds prevent blisters alcoholic beverages
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Short-term effects of ethanol abuse
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loss of self-restraint; memory impaired loss of balance and judgement violent behavior
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Long-term effects of ethanol abuse
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dependence (alcoholism) liver disease high blood pressure
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Ethanol and Aspirin effect
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increased bleeding of stomach lining and increased risk of ulcers
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Other depressants and Ethanol effect
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heavy sedation, possibly leading to coma
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Tobacco and Ethanol effect
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ethanol appears to increase incidence of cancer, particularly of intestines and liver
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Two other methods for detection of ethanol in a person's breath or blood that are considered to be more accurate.
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(gas-liquid) chromatography and infrared spectroscopy
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State the function of potassium dichromate (VI) and give the color change that takes place in this reaction.
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oxidizing agent/accepts electrons orange to green
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State two effects on the body of taking a low dose of a tranquilizer.
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calming relief from anxiety and tension
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State two effects on the body of taking a high dose of a sedative.
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sleep induced decreases heart rate and breathing rate
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Stimulants
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increase brain activity and hence person's state of mental awareness
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Physiological effects of Stimulants
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facilitate breathing reduce appetite palpitations/tremors
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Adrenaline increases . . .
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heart rate blood pressure mental awareness
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Short-term effect of nicotine consumption
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increases concentration increase heart rate relieves tension
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Long-term effect of nicotine consumption
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high blood pressure coronary thrombosis increased risk of heart disease
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consumption of caffeine in small amounts
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enhances mental energy acts as diuretic
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consumption of caffeine in large amounts
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anxiety insomnia dependence
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Sympathomimetic drug
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copies stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
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Differences in the ways bacteria and viruses multiply.
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bacteria multiply by cell division/binary fission whereas viruses use other cells by inserting their DNA/RNA
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state microorganisms are killed by penicillin
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IPMOD 1. Interfere w/cell wall formation 2. Prevent formation of cross-links 3. size/shape of cell not Maintained 4. water enters cell + Osmosis occurs 5. cell bursts + Disintegrates
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effect of over-prescription of penicillin
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makes it less effective destroys useful bacteria allows resistant population to build up
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Bacteria v. Virus
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bacteria is larger bacteria is cellular bacteria survives outside cells bacteria lives viruses rely on host bacteria have nucleus/cytoplasm/cell membrane/organelles
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how antivirals work
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alter host's genetic material prevent virus from multiplying
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functional groups of salicylic acid
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phenyl, carboxylic acid, and alcohol
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functional groups of aspirin
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phenyl, carboxylic acid, and ester
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functional groups of paracetamol
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phenyl, alcohol, and second amide
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functional groups of codeine
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phenyl, ether, alkene, alcohol, and tertiary amine
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functional groups of morphine
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phenyl, ether, alkene, alcohol, and tertiary amine
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functional group of diamorphine (heroin)
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phenyl, ether, alkene, ester, and tertiary amine
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