question

During early childhood, on average, girls are _____ than boys

answer

smaller

question

By the end of early childhood, compared to each other, boys have _____, whereas girls have _____

answer

muscle, fat

question

By repeatedly obtaining brain scans of the same children for up to four years, researchers found that the children's brains experience _____ between the ages of 3 and 15

answer

dramatic anatomical changes

question

Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the _____ lobe areas

answer

frontal

question

Experts recommend that young children get _____ hours of a sleep each night

answer

11-13

question

Children can experience a number of sleep problems, including narcolepsy which is characterized by

answer

extreme daytime sleepiness

question

Researchers have found children who have sleep problems

answer

more likely to show depression and anxiety

question

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk for being overweight are determined by

answer

body mass index

question

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, only children and adolescents at or above the _____ percentile are classified as obese

answer

97th

question

Young children from _____ families are the most likely to develop iron deficiency anemia

answer

low income families

question

The leading cause of death in young children in the United States is

answer

motor vehicle accidents

question

The negative effects of high lead levels in children's blood include:

answer

lower intelligence, lower achievement, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, elevated blood pressure

question

The poor are the majority in nearly _____ of the nations of the world

answer

one of every five

question

Deaths in young children due to HIV/AIDS especially occur in countries

answer

with high poverty rates and low levels of education

question

The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age, is characterized by the emergence of

answer

intuitive thought substage

question

When teachers adjust their level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student, it is called

answer

scaffolding

question

This use of language for self-regulation is called

answer

private speech

question

Vygotsky's view of the importance of _____ on children's development fits with the current belief that it is important to evaluate the contextual factors in learning

answer

sociocultural influences

question

Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through:

answer

social interaction

question

_____ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment

answer

sustained

question

After the age of _____, children attend more efficiently to the dimensions of the task that are relevant

answer

6-7 years

question

When experimenters ask children to judge whether two complex pictures are the same, preschool children tend to use a haphazard comparison strategy, not examining all of the details before making a judgment, exhibiting a lack of

answer

planfulness

question

In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to _____ if there is no rehearsal of the information

answer

30 seconds

question

By _____ of age, a child recognizes that another person will see what's in front of her own eyes instead of what's in front of the child's eyes

answer

2 years

question

The realization that people can have false beliefs—beliefs that are not true—develops in a majority of children by the time they are _____ old

answer

5 years

question

Approximately _____ children is estimated to have some sort of autism spectrum disorder

answer

1 in 150

question

It now is accepted that autism is linked to

answer

genetic and brain abnormalities

question

By the time they enter first grade, it is estimated that children know about _____ words

answer

14,000

question

Around _____ years of age, children learn to change their speech style to suit the situation

answer

2-7 years

question

In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and poor education for young children in the United States through

answer

The Early Head Start Program

question

Early Head Start was established in 1995 to serve children from _____ of age

answer

birth to age 3

question

According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is

answer

initiative versus guilt

question

According to Erik Erikson, the "great governor" of initiative is

answer

conscience

question

Self-conscious emotions do not appear to develop until self-awareness appears around _____ of age

answer

18 months

question

At about what age are children when they understand that the same event causes different emotions in different people

answer

4-5 years

question

The ability to control one's own emotional responses is linked with later

answer

peer acceptance

question

Feelings of anxiety and guilt are central to the account of moral development provided by _____ theory

answer

Frued's psychoanalytic

question

According to Freud, to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection, children identify with parents, internalizing their standards of right and wrong, and thus form the

answer

superego, the moral

question

_____ is responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings

answer

empathy

question

From about _____ years of age, children display heteronomous morality

answer

4-7 years

question

_____ involves a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female

answer

gender identity

question

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel are known as

answer

gender roles

question

Most children know whether one is a girl or boy by about _____ of age

answer

2.5 years

question

Low levels of _____ in the female embryo allow the normal development of female sex organs

answer

androgens

question

Gonads are

answer

organ that makes gametes

question

_____ promote the development of female physical sex characteristics

answer

estrogens

question

_____ promote the development of male physical sex characteristics

answer

androgens

question

_____ psychologists propose that men have gradually changed over time to have dispositions that favor competition and risk-taking

answer

evolutionary

question

According to Freud, at which age does the child renounce the sexual attraction he or she feels toward the parent of the opposite sex because of anxious feelings

answer

5-6 years old

question

According to the _____ theory of gender, children's gender development occurs through observing and imitating what other people say and do, and through being rewarded and punished for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior

answer

social cognitive

question

Around the age of _____, children already show a preference to spend time with same-sex playmates

answer

around 3 years old

question

Children between the ages of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of

answer

same sex

question

Research on peer pressure to conform to traditional gender roles suggests that

answer

there is greater pressure for boys

question

Girls are more likely to engage in _____, in which they talk and act in a more reciprocal manner

answer

collaborative discourse

question

A parent who uses a restrictive, punitive style to control the behavior of their children is a(n)

answer

authoritarian parent

question

A parent who is very uninvolved in a child's life, showing neither responsiveness or control, is a(n

answer

neglectful parent

question

A parent who encourages his/her children to be independent, but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n)

answer

authoritative parent

question

A parent who expects mature, independent, and age-appropriate behavior from his/her children is a(n)

answer

authoritative parent

question

Which parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being accepting and responsive

answer

authoritarian

question

In a recent national survey of U.S. parents with 3- to 4-year-old children, about _____ reported that they frequently yelled at their children

answer

26%

question

Which of the following countries has the most favorable attitude toward corporal punishment

answer

United States

question

In which of the following countries are adults most likely to remember that their parents used corporal punishment

answer

Canada

question

The support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child is known as

answer

co-parenting

question

_____ of victims of child abuse in the U.S. were abused by their parent(s)

answer

1/3

question

Punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, and shaking a child constitutes

answer

physical abuse

question

Commercial exploitation of a child through prostitution or the production of pornographic material constitutes

answer

sexual abuse

question

_____ is almost always present when other forms of child maltreatment are identified

answer

emotional abuse

question

Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of single-parent families

answer

Japan

question

It is estimated that approximately _____ percent of children born to married parents in the United States will experience their parents' divorce

answer

40%

question

Following divorce, custodial mothers experience the loss of about _____ of their predivorce income

answer

25-50%

question

Approximately _____ of lesbians are parents

answer

20%

question

Approximately _____ of gay men are parents

answer

10%

question

The overwhelming majority of children from gay or lesbian families

answer

have heterosexual orientation

question

Cultural changes that occur when one culture comes in contact with another is known as _____

answer

acculturation

question

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson considered play to be valuable because

answer

it allows children to relieve and master tension and anxiety

question

Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky considered play to be valuable because

answer

it advances the child's cognitive development

question

Which type of play increases dramatically during the preschool years:

answer

social play

question

Constructive play

answer

combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation

question

Which type of play is most common among 10- to 12-year-olds

answer

games

question

Children's Saturday morning cartoons show about _____ violent acts per hour

answer

25

question

Children's shows like Sesame Street are

answer

good at modeling prosocial behaviors for children

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