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when geographers go out into the field to see what people are doing and observe how people's reactions and actions vary across space.

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fieldwork

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study of how people organize space and society, interact with each other in places and across spaces, and how we make sense of each other in our localities, regions, and the world

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human geography

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study of how people organize space and society, interact with each other in places and across spaces, and how we make sense of each other in our localities, regions, and the world

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globalization

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study of physical phenomena on Earth

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physical geography

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the arrangement of how places and phenomena are laid out, organized, and arranged on Earth and how they appear on a landscape.

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spatial

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how something is distributed across scales

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spatial distribution

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the arrangement of how something is distributed across space (spatial distribution)

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pattern

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mapping the distribution of a disease to find its cause

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medical geography

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worldwide outbreak of a disease

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pandemic

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regional outbreak of a disease

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epidemic

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a disease that is particular to a locality or location

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endemic

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when human geographers study phenomena such as political elections, urban shantytowns, gay neighborhoods, and folk music

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spatial perspective

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the National Geographic Society created these in 1986 that are derived from the spatial perspective of geography; location, human environment interaction, region, place, movement

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five themes

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how the geographical position of people and things on the Earth's surface affects what happens and why and helps to establish the context within events and processes are situated

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location

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answers the question why villages and cities are placed in the areas that they are; determines whether or not a SuperTarget would be fit to go into a poor neighborhood for example; also determine the best location for wildlife refuges

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location theory

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elationship between humans and the physical world; the reciprocal relationship between humans and the environment, how they treat it, protect it, and destroy it

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human environment interaction

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particular areas that phenomena are distributed onto; the use of fieldwork, quantitative, and qualitative methods help develop insights of these regions

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region

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have unique and physical characteristics and geographers study this; you can infuse a place with and emotion which is sense of place

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place

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infusing a place with meaning and emotion, by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling that place with a certain person and can get a feeling of "home"

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sense of place

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when a person becomes familiar to a place they have never been just by experiencing it through books, movies, stories, or pictures

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perception of place

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refers to the mobility of people, goods, and ideas across the surface of the planet; how every place is interconnected

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movement

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the interaction of people and goods across a wide expanse; dependent upon distances

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spatial interaction

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the measured physical space between two places

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distances

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the ease of reaching one location from another

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accessibility

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the degree of linkage between locations in a network

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connectivity

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the material character of a place, the complex of natural features, human structures and other tangible objects that give a particular form

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landscape

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the visible imprint of human activity on the landscape; how people change the landscape around them

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cultural landscape

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sequential imprints of occupants, whose impacts are layered one on top of the other

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sequent occupance

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an ancient art and science of making maps

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cartography

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show the location of places and geographic features with the use of a coordinate system; latitude and longitude

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reference maps

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tell stories, typically showing the degree of a certain attribute or the movement of a geographic phenomena

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thematic maps

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reference maps use these for accuracy by using a coordinate system (longitude & latitude) to plot where precisely on Earth something is; do not change

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absolute location

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a satellite based system that allows us to locate things on the surface of Earth with extreme accuracy

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global positioning system (GPS)

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describes a place in relation to other human and physical features; relative to other features

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relative location

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maps stored in our minds of places we have been or places we have only heard of; what were familiar with we remember

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mental maps

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those places that we travel to routinely and often in our daily activity that we know so well and develop an accurate and detailed map that is better than places we haven't been to

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activity spaces

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help us see general trends, but we cannot see all cases of a given phenomenon; shadings are often used to show how little or much phenomena can be found

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generalized map

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how geographers monitor the Earth at a distance; a technology that is collected by satellites and aircrafts; shows major areas of impact from storms; highlights the eye of a hurricane; shows damage; Google Earth

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remote sensing

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compare a variety of spatial data by creating digitized representations of the environment; analyze data; map layers showing voters, their party registration, their race, their party registration, likelihood of voting, and income; surveying wildlife, mapping soils, analyzing natural disasters, following diseases, assisting first responders, planning cities, plotting transportation improvements, and tracking weather systems

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geographic information systems (GIS)

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involvement of players at other scales to generate support for a position or an initiative.

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rescale

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has a shared trait that is either cultural or physical

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formal region

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defined by a particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it; have a shared political, social, or economic focus; spatial system; boundaries are defined by the limits of the system; not culturally homogenous

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functional region

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in the minds of people; intellectual constructs designed to help us understand the nature and distribution of phenomena; based on our accumulated knowledge about such regions and cultures; can include people, their cultural traits, such as mountains, plains or coasts, and build environments, such as windmills, barns, skyscrapers, or beach houses

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perceptual regions

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refers not only to music, literature, and arts of society but also to prevailing modes of dress, routine living habits, food preferences, the architecture of houses and public buildings, the layout of fields and farms, and systems of education, government and law, values and beliefs

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culture

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identify a single attribute of a culture for example wearing a turban can be a culture trait of Muslim societies

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culture trait

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more than one culture exhibits a particular culture trait, but each will consist of a discrete combination of traits

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culture complex

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source area; an area where cultural traits develop and form which the cultural traits diffuse

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cultural hearth

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a trait with many hearths that developed independent of each other

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independent invention

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the process of dissemination (the spread of an idea or innovation from its hearth to other places); diffusion occurs through the movement of people, goods, or ideas across space

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cultural diffusion

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the declining degree of acceptance of an idea or innovation with increasing time and distance from its point of origin or source

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time distance decay

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certain innovations, ideas, or practices, are not acceptable or adoptable in certain cultures because of attitudes or taboos; can pose powerful obstacles to the spread of ideas as well as artifacts

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cultural barriers

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an innovation or idea develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outward

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expansion diffusion

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a form of expansion diffusion in which nearly all adjacent individuals and places are affected; examples, the spread of Islam, a disease

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contagious diffusion

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a pattern in which the main channel of diffusion is some segment of those who are susceptible to what is being diffused; example, the spread of Crocs

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hierarchical diffusion

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a cultural adaptation is created as a result of the introduction of a cultural trait from another place

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stimulus diffusion

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involves the actual movement of individuals who have already adopted the idea or innovation and who carry it to a new, locale where they disseminate it

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relocation diffusion

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human behavior , individually and collectively, is strongly affected by-even controlled or determined by-the physical environment; climate is the critical factor in how humans behave; now possibilism is believed instead of this

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environmental determinism

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lines connecting points of equal temperature values

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isotherms

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an area of inquiry concerned with culture as a system to and alteration of environment

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cultural ecology

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an area of inquiry fundamentally concerned with the environmental consequences of dominant political-economic arrangements and understandings

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politcal ecology

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a superior index of population density relates the total population of a country or region to the area of arable land it contains; defined as the number of people per unit area of agriculturally productive land

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phisiological population density

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descriptions of locations on the Earth's surface where individuals or groups (depending on scale) live

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population distribution

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a common way that geographers use; one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population

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dot maps

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urban geographers use this; use it to refer to such huge urban agglomerations; large super cities that form in diverse parts of the world

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megalopolis

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counting every single person in the country

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census

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the time required for a population to double in size; an easy way to grasp the growth rate in population pg. 47

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doubling time

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the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths

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natural increase

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the number of live births per year per thousand people in a population

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crude birth rate

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the number of deaths per year per thousand people in a population

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crude death rate

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the shift in population growth; describe the growth in population over time during the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain; high birth rates and death rates are followed by plunging death rates producing a huge net population gain; then a coming together of low birth and death rates

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demographic transition

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most, if not all populations will stop growing at some time; population would stabilize and major problems to be faced would be with the aged rather than the young

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stationary population level

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aspects of population; the number of men and women and their ages

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population composition

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displays the percentages of each age group in the total population (normally five year groups) by a horizontal bar whose length represents its share

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population pyramids

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recorded as a baby's death during the first year following its birth; normally given in case per thousand; the number of infants that die

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infant mortality rate (IMR)

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a figure that describes the number of children that die between the first and fifth years of their lives in a given population

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child mortality rate

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the number of years on average, someone may expect to remain alive

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life expectancy

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resulting from an invasion of parasites and their multiplication in the body ex. malaria

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infectious diseases

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the maladies of longevity and old age such as heart disease

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chronic or degenerative diseases

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the chromosomes and genes that define our makeup ex. sickle cell anemia and hemophilia

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genetic or inherited diseases

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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome; debilitating that weakens the body and reduces its capacity to combat other infections; spread through bodily contact through bodily fluids such as blood or semen; sexual activity, needles, or blood transfusion

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AIDS

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encourages large families to raise the rate of natural increase

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expansive population policies

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were designed to favor one racial or cultural sector of the population over others; ex: Nazi Germany

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eugenic population policies

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reduce the rate of natural increase through various forms of this; range from toleration of unofficially unapproved means of birth control to outright prohibition of large families

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restrictive population policies

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only allowed to have one child; families that had more than one child, were penalized financially, educationally, and with housing; this reduced growth rates in China drastically; type of restrictive policy

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one-child policies

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a group of belief systems, norms, and values practiced by a people; all the ways of life of a group of people

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culture

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small, incorporates a homogenous population; typically rural; cohesive in cultural traits

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folk culture

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large, incorporates a heterogeneous population; typically urban; quickly changing cultural traits

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popular culture

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group of people in a particular place who see themselves as a collective or a community who share experiences, customs, and traits and work to preserve these to distinguish themselves from others

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local culture

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includes the things people construct, such as art, houses, clothing, sports, dance and food

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material culture

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includes the beliefs, practices, aesthetics, and values of a group of people

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nonmaterial culture

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the process which people lose originally differentiating traits when they come in contact with a different culture

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assimiliation

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a practice that a group of people routinely follows

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custom

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the process by which other cultures adopt customs and knowledge and use them for their own benefit

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cultural appropriation

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seeking out the regional culture and reinvigorating it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world

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neolocalism

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a place where local cultures have successfully built a world apart, a place to practice their customs, within a major city

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ethnic neighborhoods

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the process by which something that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought or sold becomes an object that can be bought or sold and traded in the world market; example, dreamcatchers

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commodification

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the accuracy with which a single stereotypical image or experience conveys an otherwise dynamic and complex local culture to its customs

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authenticity

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the effects of distance on interaction; the greater the distance, the less interaction; not a valid theory

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distance decay

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explains how quickly innovations diffuse and refers to how interlinked two places are through transportation and communication technologies

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time space compression

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referring to the process in which people start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and place, making it their own

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reteritorialization

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the tension between globalized popular culture and local culture can be seen in this (the visible imprint of human activity on the landscape) reflects values, norms, and aesthetics of culture

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cultural landscape

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the loss of uniqueness of place in the cultural landscape to the point that one place looks like the next

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placelessness

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cultural borrowing and mixing is happening around the world; emphasizes what happens at one scale is not independent of what happens at other scales

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global-local continuum

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people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes

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glocalization

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a cultures assumptions about the differences between men and women; their characters, the role they play in society, what they represent

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gender

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how we make sense of ourselves; constructed through experiences, emotions, connections, and rejections; identities are fluid, constantly changing and becoming; place and space are important because our perceptions and experiences in place help make sense of who we are

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identity

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first define the "other" and then define oneself as "not the other"

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identifying against

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a constructed identity; a categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical features

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race

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the concept of superiority attached to race

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racism

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degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another in different parts of the urban environment (Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton)

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residential segregation

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new immigrants to a city often move to areas occupied by older immigrants; one ethnic group moves into an area and dominates that other culture successfully transforming the neighborhood for their group

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succession

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infusing a place with meaning and feeling (Gillian Rose); fluid; changes as the place changes and people change

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sense of place

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stems from the notion that people are closely bounded, even related, in a certain place over time; comes from Greek word, ethnos meaning "people" or "nation"; affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture

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ethnicity

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social relations stretched out (Massey and Jess)

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space

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particular articulations of those social relations as they have come together, over time, in that particular location (Massey and Jess)

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place

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places designed for women or men

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gendered

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theories that explain and inform our understanding of sexuality and space

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queer theory

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caused by disputes over the price to be paid by the bride's family to the groom's father; killed for her father's failure to fulfill the marriage agreement

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dowry deaths

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referring to the Spanish word, barrio, meaning neighborhood; change in neighborhood in which the Hispanic population jumps to a very high percentage; a cultural landscape is thus changed to the culture of the new population

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barrioization

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money that migrants send home to their family

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remmitances

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involves shorter periods of time away from home; involves journeys that begin at our home base and bring us back to it

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cyclic movements

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involves longer periods of time away from home; common type is migrant labor

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periodic movement

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involves a degree of permanence the other two do not; the mover does not return home; permanent relocation

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migration

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daily routines that take people through a regular sequence of short moves within a local area

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activity spaces

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a movement that involves a matter of survival, culture, and tradition; takes place along long-familiar routes repeated time and again

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nomadism

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involves the moving of workers to another country; type of periodic movement; when workers cross international borders in search of employment

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migrant labor

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a system of pastoral farming in which ranchers more livestock according to the seasonal availability of pastures

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transhumance

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military personnel and their families are moved to new locations where they will serve their duty

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military service

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a.k.a. transnational migration; movement across country borders; movement across international boundaries

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international migration

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when the same person who emigrated (or leaves their home country) comes to a new country; the act of a person migrating to a new country; certain degree of permanence

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immigration

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migration that occurs within a single country's borders

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internal migration

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involves the imposition of authority or power, producing involuntary migration movements that cannot be understood based on theories of choice

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forced migration

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occurs after a migrant weighs options and choices (even if desperately or not rationally) and can be analyzed as a series of options that result in movement

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voluntary migration

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created by Ernst Ravenstein; answers the question of why people voluntarily migrate with 5 statements

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laws of migration

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predicts interaction between places on the basis of their population size and distance between them

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gravity model

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conditions and perceptions that help the migrant decide to leave a place; negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to new locales

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push factors

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circumstances that effectively attract the migrant to certain locales from other places-the decision of where to go

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pull factors

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long, unbroken routes of migration streams; to a distant destination that occurs in stages

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step migration

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the presence of a nearer opportunity that diminishes the attractiveness of one farther away

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intervening opportunity

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being sent back to your home country

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deportation

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type of push pull factor that encourage a person to move to some place where a relative or friend has found success

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kinship link

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migrant chooses a destination and writes, calls, or communicates through others to tell family and friends at home about the new place

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chain migration

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migrations occurring on a global scale; occurred in the pursuit of spices, fame, or exploration in the 1500's

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global scale migration

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included surveyors and cartographers; played a major role in mapping the world

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explorers

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a physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its government in charge of either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land

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colonization

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migrants going a neighboring country to take advantage of short-term economic opportunities, to reconnect with their cultural group across borders, or to flee political conflict or war

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regional scale

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places within a region or country where most foreign investment goes, where the vast majority of paying jobs are located, and where infrastructure is concentrated

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islands of development

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what Western governments called labor migrants

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guest workers

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defined by the 1951 Refugee Convention as "a person who has a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership, of a particular social group, or political opinion" no identification, no possessions, and first steps on foot

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refugee

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people who have been displaced within their own countries but do not cross international borders as they flee ex. Hurricane Katrina

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internally displaced persons

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the right to protection in the first country in which the refugee arrives; when a refugee meets the official criteria

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asylum

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after violence subsides and conditions improve, UMHCR helps return refugees to their homelands

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repatriation

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defined by the 1948 Convention on Genocide as "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group"

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genocide

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laws and regulations of a state designed specifically to control immigration into that state

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immigration laws

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established limits from governments on the amount of immigrants a year

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quotas

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individuals with certain backgrounds (criminal records, poor health care, subversive activities) are barred from immigrating

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selective immigration

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study of the political organization of the world

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political geography

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a politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government; to be a state, it must be recognized by other states

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state

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the attempt by the individual or group to affect, influence, and control people, phenomena, and relationships by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area as defined by Robert Sack

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territoriality

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idea that there is a limited amount of wealth in the world

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mercantilism

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negotiated in 1648; constituted a peace that ended Europe's Thirty Years' War; created defined borders for states

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Peace of Westphalia

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a group of people who think of themselves as one based on a shared culture and history, and who seek some degree of political-territorial autonomy

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nation

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a politically organized area in which a nation and state occupy the same space; a group of people with the same beliefs in one state

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nation-state

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the idea that people are the ultimate sovereign; the people, and the nation have the ultimate say over what happens with the state

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democracy

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a state with more than one nation inside its borders

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multinational state

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when a nation stretches across borders and across states

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mutlistate nation

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nations do not have a state

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stateless nations

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the imperial powers exercised ruthless control over the domains and organized them for maximum economic exploitation

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colonialism

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representation of a real world phenomena in a different dimension

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scale

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in a world economy, people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the goal of achieving profit

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capitalism

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the process of placing a price on a good and then buying, selling, and trading the good

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commodification

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incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology; generate more wealth in the world economy

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core

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incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology; generate less wealth in the world economy

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periphery

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places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery; islands of development

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semiperiphery

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the capacity of a state to influence other states to achieve its goals through diplomatic, economic, and militaristic means

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ability

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highly civilized with the capital city serving as the focus of power

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unitary

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subdivisions of power; organizing state territory into regions, substrates (states), provinces, or cantons; a strong federal system has regions with much control over government policies and funds

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federal

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the movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state

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devolution

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where in the House of Representatives, each representative is elected from a territorially defined district

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territorial representation

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the process by which districts are moved according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people

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reapportionment

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packed districts in which a majority of the population is from the minority

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majority-minority districts

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redistricting for advantage (political)

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gerrymandering

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a vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below (subsoil) and the airspace above, diving one state territory from another

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boundary

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when boundaries are drawn using grid systems such as latitude and longitude or township and range

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geometric boundaries

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boundaries that follow an agreed-upon feature in the physical geographic landscape, such as the center of a river or the crest of a mountain range

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physical-political boundaries

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the production of props without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers

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organic agriculture

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deliberate tending of crops and livestock to produce food, feed, and fiber

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agriculture

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involve those products closest to the ground, such as agriculture , ranching, hunting, and gathering, fishing, forestry, mining, and quarrying

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primary economic activity

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those activities that take a primary product and manufacture it

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secondary economic activity

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parts of the service industry, connecting producers to consumers and facilitating commerce and trade

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tertiary economic activity

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concerned with information or the exchange of money or goods

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quatenary

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those tied into research or higher education

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quinary

question

taking wild plants and making them suitable for farming

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plant domestication

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plants that are reproduced by cultivating seeds

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seed crops

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first domestication of seed plants that occurred in the Nile River Valley and the Fertile Crescent

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First Agricultural Revolution

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the process of taking wild animals and making them suitable for living with people

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animal domestication

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growing only enough food to survive and sustain themselves and their families; find building materials and firewood in their natural environment and do not enter the cash economy

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subsistance agriculture

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when the land is stripped of vegetation cover and deprived of nutrients, the soil in these regions lose their nutrients as rain leaches out organic matter; farmers move to another land and clear the vegetation, turn the soil and start over

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shifting cultivation

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type of shifting cultivation; the controlled use fire where trees are cut down and all existing vegetation is burned off; a layer of ash from the fire settles and contributes to soil fertility

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slash-and-burn

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movement that moves agriculture beyond subsistence to generate surplus to feed the thousands of people working in factories instead of agricultural fields

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Second Agricultural Revolution

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the first effort to analyze the spatial character of economic activity; a process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market

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Von Thunen Model

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scientists in the American Midwest began experimenting with technologically manipulated seed varieties to increase crop yield

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Third Agricultural Revolution (Green Revolution)

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moving the genes of one type of plant and transferring it to another

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genetically modified organically (GMO's)

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the prevailing survey system throughout most of the United States; appears as checkerboards across agricultural fields

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rectangular survey system

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designed to facilitate the movement of non-Indians evenly across farmlands of the U. S. interior; imposed a rigid grid-like pattern on the land

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township and range system

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natural features were used to demarcate irregular parcels of land

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metes and bounds survey

question

divided land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals

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long-lot survey system

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all land passes to the eldest son; Germanic system

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primogeniture

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agriculture of large-scale grain producers and cattle ranches, mechanized equipment; stuff for a profit

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commercial agriculture

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dependence on a single agricultural commodity

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monoculture

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classifies the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation

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Koppen climate classification system

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areas with similar characteristics

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climatic regions

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when cash crops are grown on large estates

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plantation agriculture

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non-subsistence crops (tea, cacao, coffee)

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luxury crops

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refers to the Mediterranean climate zone where grapes, olives, citrus, vegetables, and dates grow

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Mediterranean agriculture

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provides a vast array of goods and services to support the agricultural industry

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agribusiness

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the layout of a city; its physical form and structure

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urban morphology

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conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics

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city

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the buildup of the central city and the suburban realm

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urban

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relatively small in size; everyone in it involved in agriculture; people live near subsistence levels

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agricultural village

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enable the formation of cities; agricultural production in excess and then sold for consumption of others

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agricultural surplus

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enable the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige; layers

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social stratification

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(urban elite)consisted of a group of decision makers and organizers who controlled the food supply, including its production, storage, and distribution

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leadership class

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innovation of the city; took place in five separate hearths (Mesoamerica, Nile Valley, Mesopotamia, Indus Valley, Huang He River Valley)

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First Urban Revolution

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3500 B.C. referring to the region of great cities located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers (281)

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Mesopotamia

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3200 B.C. second hearth of urbanization (281)

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Nile River Valley

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2200 B.C. agriculture diffused from the Fertile Crescent

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Indus River Valley

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1500 B.C. fourth urban hearth (282)

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Huang He (Yellow) and Wei (Yangtzi) River Valleys

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200 B.C. fifth urban hearth (282)

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Mesoamerica

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acro=highpoint polis=city; where people built their most impressive structures i.e. religious buildings; the upper fortified part of an ancient Greek city usually devoted to religious purposes

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acropolis

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means market; public space that became the focus for commercial activity ; open, spacious squares with steps leading steps; in ancient Greece, public spaces where citizens debated, lectured, judged each other, planned military campaigns, socialized, and traded

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agora

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suitable locales for settlements; the internal physical attributes of a place, including its absolute location, its spatial character and physical setting

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site

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Romans mixed the Greek acropolis and agora to form this; includes the world's first stadium, the Coliseum; the focal point of Roman public life

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Forum

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its relative location; its place in the region and world around it; external location of a place with reference to other nonlocal places

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situation

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an adjacent region within which its influence is dominant; customers from smaller towns come here to shop and conduct other business

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trade area

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holds that in a model urban hierarchy, the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy. for example, the second largest city to the primate city will have half the population of that city

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rank-size rule

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Walter Christaller wrote a book The Central Places in Southern Germany to explain where cities, towns, and villages are likely to be located; based on assumptions: land has to be flat and have no physical barriers, population and purchasing power is equal everywhere, uniform transportation network, equal soil fertility, and the ability for goods to move in all directions; not a valid theory because not many places meet the criteria (Midwest, Germany, China)

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Central place theory

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Larry Ford says that central place notions still have a role in explaining current developments; the movement of millions of Americans from northern and northeastern states to the South and Southeast

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sunbelt phenomenon

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the division of a city into certain regions for certain purposes

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functional zonation

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conveys the purpose of that area of the city; area of a city with a relatively uniform land

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zone

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key economic zone of a city; downtown heart of a city; marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering of the tallest buildings

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central business district

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the urban area that is not suburban

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central city

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an outlaying, functionally uniform part of an urban area

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suburb

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the process by which lands that were previously outside of the urban environment become urbanized

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suburbanization

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reflects the change and growth in the geographic layout of North American cities; (1920's) Ernest Burgess; first looked at Chicago and noticed a uniform structure; concentric zone model-central business district in the middle, poor people, the Blue Collar workers so they can get to their jobs easily, middle class workers (own their own businesses), upper class; more land to build large houses

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concentric zone model

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suburban downtowns that developed mainly around large shopping centers and large businesses

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edge cities

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describe the spatial components of the modern metropolis where each realm is a separate economic, social, and political entity that is linked together to form the larger metropolis; demonstrates that outer cities are not satellites of the central city but are also shaping the metropolis

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urban realm

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Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford derived this model of the Latin American cities; blend certain elements and reshape the urban scene; plantation agriculture- only the elite in society are rich; colonial central business district- based on agriculture and has a legacy of colonialism; not a lot of industry or the remains of factories; large market areas to sell products from colonizing powers; market place and colonial central business district are the in the center; on either side of the "spine" or road, live the elite residential sector (rich people); there is a very large gap between the wealthy and the poor people due to colonization.; disamenity sectors- poor neighborhoods; barrios; slums have actual construction and shanty towns are just thrown-together developments; the government set up a loop road all around the cities because the spine is shut down on Sundays; these loop roads are dangerous because they go through disamentity sectors and there are lots of gangs; then factories are built as far away from the rich people as possible but have a road linked to it because the rich people own the cities

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Griffen Ford Model

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the very poorest parts of cities and are not connected to regular services

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disamenity sector

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studies the medium size cities of South-east Asia and found they exhibit similar land-use patterns; in Asia, rich and poor people live directly next to each other; Confucianism- be nice to everybody; Daoism- told rulers how to rule to gain everyone's respect; individual choices and freedom; central business district is located around the port because its based on trade; western commercial zone- trade with all the western powers; alien commercial zone- China; the areas that colonized; based on migration from the past

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McGee model

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unplanned developments of crude dwellings and shelters made of scrap materials

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shantytowns

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ensure use of space in ways that the society would deem acceptable; legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of building and economic activities are allowed to take place

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zoning laws

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identify what is considered as risky neighborhoods with Blacks and refuse to offer loans to this district; by restricting access to loans, private industries can change neighborhoods into bad ones; decrease quality of life

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redlining

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realtors would solicit other white residents to sell their homes because the neighborhood was supposedly going downhill because of blacks; realtors stir up fears

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blockbusting

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transforming the central city into an area attractive to residents and tourist

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commercialization

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when individuals buy and rehabilitate the houses, raising the housing value

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gentrification

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houses that the new owners bought with the intention of tearing them down and making them better

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tear-downs

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super-size and familiar style of house

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McMansions

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unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land

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urban sprawl

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development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with housing and jobs

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new urbanism

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fenced in neighborhoods which controlled access gates for people and cars

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gated communities

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the economy that is not taxed and is not counted toward a country's gross national income

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informal economy

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function at the global scale, beyond the reach of the state borders, functioning as the service centers of the world economy

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world cities

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a country's leading city, always disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling; usually the capital and is the largest city

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primate city

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the global media industry is becoming the driving force in reshaping cities

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spaces of consumption

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a series of links connecting many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the market

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commodity chain

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progress is being made in technology, production, and socioeconomic welfare

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developing

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a measure of the total value of the officially recorded goods and services produced by the citizens and corporations of a country in a given year

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gross national product (GNP)

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only goods and services produced within a country during a given year

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gross domestic product (GDP)

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calculates the monetary worth of what is produced within a country plus income received from investments outside the country

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gross national income (GNI)

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dividing the GNI by the population of the country

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per capita (GNI)

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the legal economy that governments tax and monitor

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formal economy

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the illegal or uncounted economy that governments do not tax or keep track of

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informal economy

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the combination of what is happening at a variety of scales concurrently

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context

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the major world powers control the economies of the poorer countries even though the poorer countries are politically independent states

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neo-colonialism

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difficult-to change, large scale economic arrangements can shape what can happen in fundamental ways

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structural theory

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the political and economic relationships between countries and regions of the world control and limit the economic development possibilities of poorer areas

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dependancy theory

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through which a country's currency is abandoned in favor of the dollar

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dollarization

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Rostow's ladder of development- the richer you are, the more developed you are (assumption)5 stages- (1) traditional level of development (basic economies, primary)(2) Pre-conditions for takeoff- conditions are setting for massive economic growth (3) takeoff- high growth stage (4) drive to maturity- leveling off into a stable stage of development (5) maturity

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modernization model

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provides insights to the political organization of space, Immanuel Wallerstein; (1) The world economy has one market and a global division of labor (2) Although the world has multiple states, almost everything takes place within the context of the world economy (3) The world economy has a three tiered structure

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world-systems theory

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the core, semi-periphery, and periphery; helps explain the interconnections between places in the global economy

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three-tier structure

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the goals that are supposed to improve the conditions of the people living in the countries with the lowest standards of human development

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millenium development goals

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when adults and children fleeing poverty or seeking better prospects are manipulated, deceived, and bullied into working in conditions that they would not choose

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trafficking

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loans granted by international financial institutions in exchange for certain economic and government reforms in that country

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structural adjustment loans

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government intervention into markets is inefficient and undesirable and should be resisted whenever possible

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neoliberalism

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Non-vectored is direct contact and it is usually people to people. Vectored is transmitted by a host usually an insect. those spread by one host (person) to another by an intermediate host or vector

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vectored disease

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an infectious disease spread by mosquitos that carry the parasite in their saliva

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malaria

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offers favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements to foreign firms

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export proccessing zone

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in Northern Mexico, the zone with factories supplying manufactured goods to the U.S. market; type of export processing zone

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maquiladora

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specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment

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special economic zones

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established in 1992 and included the U.S., Mexico, and Canada; prompted further industrialization of the border region

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North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

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caused mainly by humans destroying vegetation and eroding soils through the overuse of lands for livestock grazing or crop production

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desertification

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when a government or corporation builds up and concentrates economic development in a certain city or small region; place built up by government to attract foreign investment and has high concentrations of paying jobs and infrastructure

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island of development

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are not run by state or local governments; operate independently; usually reserved for entities that operate as nonprofits

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non-governmental organizations (NGO's)

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give loans to people, particularly women, to encourage development of small businesses

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microcredit program

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the social and economic changes in agriculture, commerce and manufacturing that resulted in technological innovations; began in England and followed the coal seam

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Industrial Revolution

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predicting where businesses can and will be located

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location theory

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needs when choosing an industrial location

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variable cost

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the increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance

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friction of distance

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Alfred Webber; accounted for the location of manufacturing plants in terms of owner's desire to minimize three categories of costs (1 most important) transportation the sit chosen must entail the lowest possible cost of moving raw materials to the factory and finished products to the market (2) labor a factory might do better if cheap labor made up for any added transportation costs because higher labor costs reduce the margin of profit (3) agglomeration when a substantial number of enterprises cluster in the same area, they can provide assistance to each other through shared talents, services, and facilities

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least cost theory

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when a substantial number of enterprises cluster in the same area and provide assistance to each other through shared talents, services, and facilities

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agglomeration

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describes industries that leave the crowded urban area and move to other locations

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deglomeration

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when competitors seek to constrain each other's territory which leads them to be adjacent to each other; Harold Hotelling

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locational interdependance

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each consists of one or more core areas of industrial development with subsidiary clusters

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primary industrial regions

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cargo is transported from one mode of transportation to another and generates employments, activity, and wealth

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break-of-bulk point

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the dominant mode of transportation that endured for much of the past century and during WW11; Henry Ford changed the way automobiles were produced; assembly line; Ford allowed people to specialize; the materials would come to you on an assembly line and one worker would do the same job and be able to specialize that job

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Fordist

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"just in time production"; a more flexible set of production practices in which the components of goods are made in different places around the globe and then brought together is needed to meet market demand; means that things aren't made only on-sight like they used to be; got rid of warehouses and built in factories then shipped and assembled based on demand

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post-fordist

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companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term project planning

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just-in-time delivery

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corporations can draw from labor around the globe from different companies of production; made possible by the compression of space and time through innovation in communication and transportation services

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global division of labor

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places where two or more modes of transportation meet in order to ease the flow of goods and reduce the cost of transportation

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intermodal connections

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companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized economy to switch to service economy and work through a period of high unemployment

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deindustrialization

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to turn over in part or in total to a third party

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out-sourced

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an outsource located outside the country

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offshore

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southern region of the United States; southeast to southwest

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Sunbelt

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an area planned for high technology where agglomeration built on synergy among technological companies occurs

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technopole

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synthetic organic compounds used primarily as refrigerants and as propellants

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chloroflourocarbons (CFC's)

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supercontinent that broke into fragments that we now know as Africa, Americas, Eurasia, and Australia

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Pangea

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the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates through the absorption of sunlight

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photosynthesis

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loss of diversity through a failure to produce new species

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mass depletions

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mass destruction of most species

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mass extinctions

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an ocean-girdling zone of crustal instability, volcanism, and earthquakes

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Pacific Ring of Fire

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the most recent epoch of the Late Cenozoic Ice Age and marked by as many as 20 glaciers and interglaciations of which the currant warm phase witnessed the rise of human civilization.

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Pleistocene

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a period of cooling during which continental ice sheets and mountain glaciers expand

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glaciation

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sustained warming phase between glaciations during the ice age

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interglaciation

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the most recent glaciation of the Pleistocene; left a mark on the Northern hemisphere

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Wisconsin Glaciation

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what the Wisconsin Glaciation eventually gave way to this- a full-scale interglaciation, the current warm interlude; designation

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Holocene

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temporary cooling, minor glaciation

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Little Ice Age

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the natural environment that is being stressed and modified by human activity in obvious and less obvious ways

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environmental stress

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resources that are replenished even as they are being used

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renewable resources

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distribution that brings rain and snow from the oceans to the landmasses

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hyrdologic cycle

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porous, water holding rocks

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aquifers

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thin layer of air lying directly above the Earth's lands and oceans

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atmosphere

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fact that Earth is gradually warming as a result of enhanced greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere caused by ever-increasing amounts of carbon dioxide produced mainly by humans

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global warming

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a by-product of the enormous volume of pollutants spewed into the atmosphere; forms when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels

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acid rain

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natural processes and human activity consume atmospheric oxygen and produce carbon dioxide and the Earth's forests and other flora consume carbon dioxide and produce oxygen

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oxygen cycle

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the clearing and destruction of forests to harvest wood for consumption, clear land for agricultural uses, and make way for expanding settlement frontiers

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deforestation

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non-liquid, non-soluble materials

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solid waste

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in richer countries, solid waste is thrown in this large hole that has been prepared with treatment to make sure it won't leak or seep

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sanitary landfills

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the danger is caused chemicals , infectious materials

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toxic wastes

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two types: low level which give off small amounts of radiation and are produced by industry, hospitals, research facilities, and nuclear power plants; high level which emit strong radiation and are produced by nuclear power plants and nuclear weapon factories

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radioactive wastes

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the diversity of all aspects of life found on Earth; from the genetic variability within individuals of a species to the diversity of ecosystems on the planet

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biodiversity

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naturally occurring layer that exists in the upper layers of the stratosphere; protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultra violet rays

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ozone layer

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the first international convention to address the issue of the destruction of the ozone layer; 1985

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Vienna Convention for the Protection of the ozone

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an international agreement signed in 1987 by 105 countries; called for a reduction and consumption of chlorofluorocarbons of 50%

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Montreal Protocol

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