question

Genes that normally prevent cell division are

answer

tumor suppressors

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BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations

answer

are incompletely penetrant

question

Invasive malignant tumors typically contain mutations that affect the cytoskeleton and allow the cell to move from where it is anchored

answer

true

question

A cancer stem cell can divide to give rise to

answer

tumor cells, abnormal daughter cells, normal cells, and more cancer stem cells.

question

Several genes that cause inherited forms of breast cancer have _____ in common.

answer

interference with repair of a double-strand DNA breaks

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Sporadic cancers result from

answer

recessive or dominant mutation in a somatic cell.

question

Matthew has the inherited form of the eye cancer retinoblastoma. His disease is caused by

answer

a germinal mutation in one RB allele, then a somatic mutation in the other allele.

question

In 1971, cancer was thought to be caused by

answer

radiation, viruses, and chemical exposures.

question

Loss of tumor suppression in a cell usually results from

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a deletion of a tumor suppressor gene.

question

When tumor cell DNA is examined from people at different stages of the same cancer type, mutations that are common to all of them

answer

act early in the disease.

question

A breast cancer test for HER2 considers

answer

genotype

question

A way that a microRNA can cause cancer is to

answer

block translation of tumor suppressor gene transcripts.

question

A cancer's spread is called

answer

metastasis

question

Which of these are thought to have anti-cancer benefits?

answer

cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli

question

A proto-oncogene can become an oncogene when

answer

it is translocated next to a highly expressed gene.

question

Which type of study would compare the incidence of colon cancer among Japanese and Americans of Japanese descent?

answer

population

question

The oncogene that causes Burkitt's lymphoma results from

answer

A translocation that moves a proto-oncogene next to an antibody gene.

question

Chronic myeloid leukemia is caused by a translocation that creates

answer

a fusion protein that deregulates the cell cycle of myeloid white blood cells.

question

People were trying to treat cancer as long ago as

answer

1600 B.C.

question

Mutations in microRNAs can explain families who have different cancers but do not have mutation for known family cancer syndrome genes because

answer

a single type of microRNA can have many targets

question

Pancreatic cancer typically begins 10 to 15 years before it causes abdominal pain and by the time diagnosis usually occurs, it has usually to the point where it is lethal within two years.

answer

true

question

Research has shown that a "cocktail" of several drugs, each acting on a different cellular pathway, is the best approach to treat many cancers.

answer

true

question

The diets of 250 patients with pancreatic cancer are compared to the diets of 250 healthy individuals, over a four month period. The patients and controls are matched one for one for age, sex, and body mass index. The cancer patients tended to eat more barbecued meat, and none of them were vegetarians. The healthy group included 30 vegetarians and only four of the 250 regularly ate barbecued meat. The researchers conclude that it would be worthwhile to further test the hypothesis that compounds in charred meat cause pancreatic cancer. What type of study is this?

answer

case-control

question

The term used to describe the fact that cancer cells have lost the specializations of the cells from which they descend is

answer

dedifferentiated

question

A cancer cell is injected into a healthy mouse. The mouse develops tumors. This experiment indicates that cancer is

answer

transplantable.

question

Mitosis in a cancer cell can be compared to a runaway train that is racing along without signals and control points.

answer

true

question

Cancer does not typically follow a Mendelian pattern of inheritance because it is usually caused by

answer

specific combinations of alleles and an environmental factor.

question

The cause of p53-related cancers is

answer

failure to repair damaged DNA, allowing the cell to continue dividing.

question

Dana Reeve, the wife of actor Christopher Reeve, died at a young age from lung cancer, although she had never smoked. Her cancer was likely caused by

answer

a germline mutation.

question

In addition to activated oncogenes and inactivated tumor suppressor genes, epigenetic changes in gene expression are seen in cancer.

answer

true

question

Cancer cells

answer

divide uncontrollably and are immortal.

question

The connection between stem cells and cancer is that

answer

cells may become cancerous by expressing "stemness" genes.

question

Traditional cancer treatments include

answer

surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.

question

In normal differentiated somatic cells, telomerase

answer

is not expressed and telomere tips erode with each division.

question

Tanisha was just diagnosed with an aggressive form of breast cancer called Her-2/neu. The cancer started because

answer

her affected breast cells have many extra receptors for epidermal growth factor, and so they receive too many signals to divide.

question

All cancers reflect, at the most general level, a defect in

answer

the cell cycle.

question

Types of genetic information in a cancer "atlas" include

answer

mutations, gene expression, SNPs, microRNAs, and copy number variants.

question

After mutations begin a cancer, other factors that influence whether the disease proceeds include

answer

location of the cancerous cell in the tissue, and how specialized the cell is

question

The first mutation typically detected in FAP colon cancer is

answer

APC

question

A recently developed cancer treatment is

answer

inhibiting angiogenesis.

question

Growth of new blood vessels in and around tumors is called

answer

angiogenesis

question

A gatekeeper gene

answer

regulates apoptosis and mitosis.

question

In Wilms' tumor,

answer

cells in a child's kidney divide as frequently as if they were still in a fetus.

question

A(n) _______ is a type of cancer-causing gene that promotes cancer by activating cell division at an inappropriate time or place

answer

oncogene

question

Cancer cells are not

answer

contact inhibited.

question

Matthew has the inherited form of the eye cancer retinoblastoma. His disease is caused by

answer

a germinal mutation in one RB allele, then a somatic mutation in the other allele.

Human Genetics: Chapter 18 – Flashcards

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