Human Disease chapter 3 and 4 PTT 140 – Flashcards
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Describe the grades of cancers.
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Grades-microscope examination of the tumor to determine the degree of differentiation. More differentiated, the more it looks like tissue of origin. Good prognosis. Undifferentiating or anaplastic not resembling the tissue of origin, poor prognosis and highly malignant .
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Describe the stages of cancers
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determines the extent of spread of the neoplasm by clinical examination, xrays, and biopsy. I= no lymph node spread; good prognosis , II- small % of nodes nearby: fair survival; mod survival, IV= aggressive invasive, metastases; poor survival rate.
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Stages
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I = well differentiated resemble normal, II moderately differentiated, III poorly differentiated, IV= undifferentiated difficult to recognize tissue of origin
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Grades
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I= no lymph node spread; good prognosis , II- small % of nodes nearby: fair survival; III distant nodes involved; mod survival, IV= aggressive invasive, metastases; poor survival rate.
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TMN
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Another staging system. T= Tumor size and extent of primary, N= Nodes- number of lymph nodes involved, M= Metatasis to other sites.
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Describe the signs and symptoms of cancer.
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Pain, Obstruction, Hemorrhage, Anemia, Pathologic Fx, Infection, cachexia.
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Pain
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Late symptom. Cancer cell growing to destruction normal tissue and placing pressure on nerve endings, causing inflammation leading to pain.
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Obstruction
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- can occur from a growing tumnor that compresses or pushes into the organ ex. Bronchus of the lung and intestine.
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Anemia
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might be the result or hemorrhage or RBC loss as a result of cancer treatment
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Pathologic Fracture
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- weakness in bone tumor may be a sign primary or secondary cancer.
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Infection
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Tumor ulceration allow entry of microorganisms, chemotherapy and radition causes a decrease production of WBC.
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Cachexia
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- condition of general illness from malnutrition seen terminally ill pt. evidence from rapidly growing tumor and treatment modalities with poor nutritional intake. - Ca cell take all of the nutrition from the good like a bully, that is why person atrophy.
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What are some of the causes of cancer and how are they treated
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1. Chemical Carcinogens 2. Hormones, 3. Radiation, 4.Viruses, 5.Genetic predisposition, 6.smoking and tobacco,7. Diet, 8.Alcohol.
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Chemical Carcinogens
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abound in our environment, frequency of exposure and potency (inhaled, ingested). Sometime, they do not cause a problem by themselves, but enhance cancer development.
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Hormones
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can stimulate or treat cancers
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Radiation
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UV, Xray exposure: basal and squamous cell, Melanomas, leukemia.
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Viruses
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Hep B - liver Cancer, Herpes Simplex: and Cervical Cancer
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Genetic Predisposition
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run in the family, colon and breast cancer.
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Smoking and Tobacco
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smokers are 10 to 20 x likely to get lung cancer . bladder, pancreas, throat and mouth.
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Diet and alcohol
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increase risk for many cancers alc- mouth,throat, and esophagus. diet- colon
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Sexual bahavior
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increase the risk if cervical cancer.
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cancer is treated with...
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Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation, and Hormones
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surgery
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lung, stomach, colon, skin, breast, uterus, ovaries
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Chemotherapy
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alone or in combination with surgery and radiation therapy
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Radiation
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esp for tumors not surgically accessible, or as adjunct post-op X 6 wks
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Hormones
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usually palliative for metastatic tumors
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How can you tell from the name if a cancer is benign or malignant?
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Suffix indicates benign or malignant -oma = benign -carcinoma = malignant epithelial & glandular tissue: skin, breast, liver -sarcoma = malignant connective tissue: bone, muscle, fat, cartilage; faster spread & growth via circulation
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Give examples of the exceptions of the oma suffix rule.
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Exceptions = lymphoma- lymph or bloodforming organs,- glioma- starts in brain or spine, melanoma- skin, glioblastoma- Brain, leukemia-WBC
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Brain Death Irreversible
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No response to stimuli No reflexes No respirations or effort to breathe No brain activity evident on EEG Flat line EEG Irreversible for death
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Compare and contrast benign vs malignant tumors.
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Benign-"tumor" Malignant-"Ca"
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Benign-"tumor"
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Slow growth, local Symmetrical Encapsulated -won't spread Similar to original Similar to normal cells Non-recurrent Good prognosis -if not in brain, SC, gland, passageway(obstruct
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Malignant-"Ca"
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Fast, metastasizes Invasive, crab-like Cells break away Different from original Atypical, immature Frequent recurrence Poor prognosis
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What are some of the carcinogens that promote DNA cell changes that lead to cancers?
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cancer causing agent. virus, chemicals and radiation.
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Cancer Diagnosis
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*C*hange in *bowel or bladder* habits *A* *sore* that does not *heal* *U*nusual *bleeding or discharge* *T*hickening or *lump in breast* or elsewhere *I*ndigestion or *difficulty swallowing* *O*bvious change in a *wart or mole* *N*agging *cough or hoarseness*
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Development of Malignant Cancers
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1.Normal cell growth & differentiation stops 2.Mutation - genetic alteration of DNA 3.Precipitated by virus, chemicals, radiation, other carcinogens 4.Continued exposure to carcinogens causes cell abnormality & dysfunction 5.Immune system may prevent or reverse 6.Rapid growth to establish a site & thrive 7.Pre-cancerous if not yet firmly established 8.Deprive normal cells of nutrients
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Describe the first steps in the inflammation process in cell and tissue healing.
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1.Body's response to cell or tissue injury 2.Must precede cell or tissue repair 3.Triggered by any trauma; physical injury, micro-organism invasion, ischemia, burn...
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Describe the second steps in the inflammation process in cell and tissue healing.
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1. Mast cells release histamine when tissue is injured or irritated. 2.RUBOR redness, COLOR heat results, TUMOR-edema due to dilation DOLOR - pain: pressure on nerve endings. 3.Guarding creates loss of function.
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Describe the third steps in the inflammation process in cell and tissue healing.
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1.Phagocytosis by neutrophils creates pus formation 2.Macrophages enter & clean up dead cells 3.If >7-10 days lymphocytes respond & form antibodies to destroy invader Becomes chronic if >2 weeks 4.Collagen & calcium deposits wall off invader = granuloma, may be permanent
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antigen
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all cell have a protein or saccharide marker on the their surface that identify them.
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antibodies
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made by the lymphocytes to indentify and link to forgiein antigen and then remember the invader if returns
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antibodies also
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also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shape protein produced by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses.
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Compare primary intention healing of wounds.
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Clean surgical incision + approxim. Small am't exudate. Little granulation tissue. Smallest scar. Shrinks in size in months or years.
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Compare secondary intention healing of wounds.
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Large or dirty wound. Cannot be approx. must fill in. Large am't exudate. A lot of granulation tissue. Large scar. May need graft if epithelium cannot bridge the gap.
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What factors help cells and tissues to heal? Positive
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Good blood supply to provide O2 and nutrients. Clean wound area - debridement. Good nutrition with protein, Vit A & C. Immobilization. No complications (infection).
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What factors help cells and tissues to heal? Negative-detrimental
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Impaired circulation. Dead tissue & debris present. Large wound. Poor nutrition, dehydration. Infection, esp virulent organism. Excessive mobility - tears, bleeding. Radiation exposure - cell mitosis impaired. Steroid therapy.
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mitosis
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Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle process by which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus.
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Describe potential complications that can occur during healing of wounds.
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Wound dehiscence, Adhesions, Infection, Keloid, and Soft tissue contractures.
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Wound dehiscence
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due to poor scar
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Adhesions
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fibrous bands scar cling to nearby surface of organs
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Infection
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esp resistant micro-organisms
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Keloid
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not cosmetic, but harmless
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soft tissue contractures
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due to wound and scar contraction over time
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the characteristics of bacteria
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Normal flora on skin, orifices, intestines. ex: Staph, Strep, E.Coli, Pseudomonas, Salmonella. Doesn't require living tissue to survive. *Short incubation time (hours)*. Multiply very rapidly. Form characteristic pus. *Need antibiotic treatment*
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the characteristics of Viruses
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Smallest micro-organisms. Invade living host cell nucleus to survive. Take over the cell and reproduce by replicating its DNA. Tendency to MUTATE . Incubation of *days, weeks, months, years*. Often has LATENT effect. *Antibiotocs do not kill it -immunizations create antibodies*. Produce a serous exudate. *Flu, colds, herpes, mononucleosis, AIDS, measles, small pox, mumps*.
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What are the signs/symptoms of infection?
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- fever, tachycardia, fatigue, malaise Leukocytosis - increase in WBC #. Septicemia may develop if not controlled. Culture from involved tissue will identify organism.
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10. How can you prevent infections?
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Universal precautions. Minimize direct/indirect exposure. Use disinfectants for objects & antiseptics for skin. Good nutrition.
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What is the medical treatment for bacterial infections?
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antibiotics Broad-spectrum vs narrow-spectrum. Follow directions for taking with food, fluids, or fasting. Take in evenly-spaced intervals. Complete full course of meds. Avoid unnecessary use. May cause drug resistance.
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What important steps must be followed while taking this medication? Why?
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Complete full course of meds. Avoid unnecessary use because it May cause drug resistance.
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Give examples of infections that can be prevented by immunizations.
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-immunizations create antibodies Flu, colds, mononucleosis, measles, small pox, mumps
