question

The ability to hear high-pitched, high frequency sounds usually degrades first, a problem is known as

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Presbycusis

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By the infant's first birthday, the average infant's birthweight has

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Tripled

question

One of the most important ways that behavior becomes integrated is through the development of

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Rhythms

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Neurons have a distinct ability to communicate with other cells using a cluster of fibers called

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Dendrites

question

By age five, a child's brain weighs ____ of an average adult's brain.

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90%

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What is the fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds the transmission of nerve impulses?

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Myelin

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What is the process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other?

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Lateralization

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The left hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the preschool years in all of the following areas EXCEPT

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Spatial relationships

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The way that psychologist Simon Baron-Cohen describes the differences between male and female brain that may solve the puzzle of autism is called

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Extreme male brain

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What is the term for the reflex that disappears around 8-12 months, and occurs when an infant fans out its toes in response to a stroke on the outside of its foot?

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Babinski

question

Which of the following is one of the most frequent causes of eye problems in middle adulthood?

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Glaucoma

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The loss of near vision in middle adulthood is referred to as

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Presbyopia

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An infant's perceptual growth is aided by the infant's discovery of ___________, which are the options that a given situation or stimulus provides.

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Affordances

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What is the term for the onset of menstruation?

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Menarche

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What is one of the most widely used techniques to determine infants' normative standing? It includes 27 categories of responses that constitute four general aspects of infants' behavior.

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Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale

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Which of the following does an infant demonstrate a preference for through facial expressions?

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Sweet

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Which of the following has become a stereotypical emblem of middle adulthood?

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Reading glasses

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In 1999, what percentage of 4-year-old toddlers were not yet toilet trained?

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2%

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All of the following are fine motor skills that a 3-year-old preschooler possesses EXCEPT

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Throw a ball to a friend

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What is the term for a difficulty in seeing that may include blindness or partial sightedness?

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Visual impairment

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What is the term for an organized pattern of functioning that adapts and changes with mental development?

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Scheme

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Piaget used the term _______ to describe changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events.

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Accommodation

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What is the term for Piaget's initial major stage of cognitive development, which can be broken down into six substages?

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Sensorimotor

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Piaget thought that the repetition of a chance motor event that helps the baby start building cognitive schemes is a process called

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Circular reaction

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Piaget believed that _________ appears in Substage 4, which enables the infant to realize the people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen.

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Object permanence

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Piaget calls an internal image of a past event or object a(n)

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Mental representation

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According to Piaget, which stage occurs from approximately age 2 to age 7 in which children's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases?

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Preoperational

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What is the term for the process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects?

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Centration

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Thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others is called

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Egocentric thought

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What is the term that refers to the period of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, which is characterized by the active, and appropriate, use of logic?

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Concrete operational

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Piaget proposed that children reach the formal operational stage of development around age

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12

question

According to research by psychologist William Perry, students entering Harvard University tended to have a view of the world where they reasoned that something was good or bad; people were good or bad; or others were for them or against them. He called this

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Dualistic thinking

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According to developmental psychologist K. Warner Schaie, the stage where the major concerns of middle-aged adults relate to their personal situations, including protecting and nourishing their spouses, families, and careers, is called the

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Responsible stage

question

Which developmental psychologist believed that cognitive development is a result of social interactions in which children learn through guided participation and working with mentors to solve problems?

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Vygotsky

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What is Vygotsky's term for the level at which a child can almost, but not quite, understand or perform a task?

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Zone of proximal development

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The greater the ___________________________, the larger the zone of proximal development.

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Improvement that comes with help

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What is the term for the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth?

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Scaffolding

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Vygotsky believed that that actual physical items that a child uses to learn (pencils, books, computers, etc.) as well as the intellectual and conceptual framework that the child uses to learn (language, alphabet, number/math systems, religious systems, etc.) are called

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Cultural tools

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What is the term for thinking that reflects preschooler's use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world?

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Intuitive thought

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What is the term that Piaget used for the process in which one state is changed into another?

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Transformation

question

According to the ___________, quantitative changes in an infant's abilities to organize and manipulate information represent the hallmarks of cognitive development.

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Information processing approach

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What term refers to the placement of material into memory?

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Storage

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What term refers to the process by which material in memory is located and brought to awareness and used?

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Retrieval

question

What term refers to the degree to which an activity requires attention?

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Automatization

question

Memory is traditionally viewed in terms of three sequential components including all of the following EXCEPT

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Sequential memory

question

When information in memory is held for 15 to 25 seconds, it is called

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Short-term memory

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When information in memory is rehearsed and stored on a relatively permanent basis, it is called

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Long-term memory

question

With age, children become better at ignoring ________________ stimuli.

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Irrelevant

question

What is the term for a learning disability marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity?

answer

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

question

The behavior of children with ADHD

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Interferes with their home and school functioning

question

All of the following include factors that help differentiate normal active behavior in children from those children with ADHD EXCEPT

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Interest in very active, fast-paced games

question

All of the following are side effects of medication treatment for ADHD EXCEPT

answer

Dependency

question

Infantile amnesia is defined as the lack of memory for experience that occurred prior to

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3 years of age

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The physical trace of a memory in the brain

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Appears to be relatively permanent

question

What is the term for a memory of particular events from one's own life?

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Autobiographical memory

question

What is the term for an understanding about the processes that underlie memory, which emerges and improves during middle childhood?

answer

Metamemory

question

Which of the following memory skills show decline in middle age?

answer

Long term memory only

question

One way to question children to produce the most accurate recollections is to

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Question them as soon as possible after an incident

question

Proponents of _______________ believe that reading should be taught by presenting the basic skills that underlie reading.

answer

Code-based approaches to reading

question

______________ is thinking that makes use of cognitive skills and strategies to increase the likelihood of solving problems, forming inferences, and making decisions appropriately and successfully.

answer

Critical thinking

question

What term refers to the basic sounds of language that can be combined to produce words and sentences?

answer

Phonemes

question

By the age of two, most children can use two-word sentences and __________ speech where non-critical words of a sentence are left out.

answer

Telegraphic

question

When middle-school age children understand the rules of language that indicate how words and phrases can be combined to form sentences, this is called understanding

answer

Syntax

question

The term used for the overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language, is called

answer

Underextension

question

What is the term for the overly broad use of words, overgeneralizing their meaning?

answer

Overextension

question

By age 6, the average child has a vocabulary of around ___________ words.

answer

14,000

question

At approximately the age of _____, a child can ask and answer complex questions.

answer

3

question

What is the term for instances in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter?

answer

Fast mapping

question

From the later months of age 2 and into the mid-3s, the number of ways children combine words and phrases to form sentences _______ each month.

answer

Doubles

question

When middle school age children become more competent with the rules governing the use of language to communicate in a given social setting, they are demonstrating knowledge of

answer

Pragmatics

question

What is the term for speech directed toward another person and meant to be understood by that person?

answer

Social speach

question

_____________ helps middle-school-age children achieve comprehension when information is fuzzy or incomplete, such as asking for clarifications of information.

answer

Metalinguistic awareness

question

____________suggests that language acquisition follows the basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning.

answer

Learning theory approach

question

Who is the researcher that developed the "nativist approach" and "universal grammar" to explain how children learn their language skills?

answer

Chomsky

question

____________ suggests that a genetically-determined, innate mechanism directs language development.

answer

Nativist approach

question

A neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language is known as _________________.

answer

Language-acquisition device (LAD)

question

The __________________ states that language shapes and may even determine the way people of a particular culture perceive the world.

answer

Linguistic-relativity hypothesis

question

According to a growing body of research, infant-directed speech _____________ across cultures.

answer

Is basically similar

question

Evidence comparing American English, German, and Mandarin Chinese speakers shows that in each language, a mother's pitch _________ when a mother is attempting to get an infant's attention and ________ when she is try to calm an infant.

answer

Rises; falls

question

When non-English speaking children are initially taught in their native language, while at the same time learning English, this is called

answer

Bilingual education

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