Question 1

What do smooth, cardiac, and skeletal muscle all have in common?  They are all uninucleated.  They are all striated.  They are all found in the walls of blood vessels.  The cells of these muscles are all called muscle fibers.  They all interlock at intercalated disks.

Accepted Answer

The cells of these muscles are all called muscle fibers.  *The cells of all three types of muscle tissues are called muscle fibers. (section 13.01)

Question 2

Of the three types of muscle tissue, which has multinucleated fibers?  smooth muscle  cardiac muscle  skeletal muscle  both smooth and skeletal muscles  both cardiac and smooth muscles

Accepted Answer

skeletal muscle  *Only skeletal muscle has multinucleated fibers. (section 13.01)

Question 3

Of the three types of muscle tissue, which is voluntary?  smooth muscle  cardiac muscle  skeletal muscle  both smooth and skeletal  both cardiac and skeletal

Accepted Answer

skeletal muscle  *Skeletal muscle is voluntary. (section 13.01)

Question 4

Of the three types of muscle tissue, which is not striated?  smooth muscle  cardiac muscle  skeletal muscle  skeletal and smooth lack striations  cardiac and smooth lack striations

Accepted Answer

smooth muscle  *Smooth muscle is not striated. (section 13.01)

Question 5

Skeletal muscle contractions play a role in returning the venous blood to the heart.  True  False

Accepted Answer

true  *True, the skeletal muscle contractions play a role in returning the venous blood to the heart. (section 13.05)

Question 6

What is found within the intercalated disks of cardiac muscle?  sarcoplasmic reticulum  gap junctions  dense connective tissue  bone  myoglobin

Accepted Answer

gap juctions  *Gap junctions are found at intercalated disks to permit contracts to spread quickly. (section 13.01)

Question 7

Because the heart beats continuously, cardiac fibers never relax completely.  True  False

Accepted Answer

false  *Cardiac fibers relax completely between contractions, which prevents fatigue. (section 13.01)

Question 8

Which of the following is not a function of skeletal muscles?  pumping of blood throughout the body  support  movement of bones  maintenance of body temperature  protection of internal organs

Accepted Answer

pumping of blood throughout the body  *Cardiac muscle makes up the heart that pumps blood throughout the body. (section 13.01)

Question 9

From the outside of a muscle coming in, the first thing encountered would be  fascia.  fascicle.  dense connective tissue.  muscle fiber.  myofibril.

Accepted Answer

fascia  *Muscles are covered with fascia, a type of connective tissue. (section 13.01)

Question 10

What structure attaches a muscle to a bone?  ligaments  tendons  bursae  sarcolemma  sarcoplasm

Accepted Answer

tendons  *Tendons connect muscles to bone. Bursae act as a cushion in the connection. Sarcolemma are the plasma membranes of a muscle fiber. Sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell. (section 13.01)

Question 11

What muscle works in a pair with the biceps brachii?  the triceps brachii  the trapezius  the masseter  the pectoralis major  the sartorius

Accepted Answer

the triceps brachii  *The biceps brachii and triceps brachii are a pair of antagonistic muscles. (section 13.01)

Question 12

Muscles can only pull; they cannot push.  True  False

Accepted Answer

true  *Muscles can only contract and pull on the bone they are attached to. (section 13.01)

Question 13

The origin of a muscle is on a stationary bone.  True  False

Accepted Answer

true  *The origin is on the stationary bone while the insertion is on the bone that moves. (section 13.01)

Question 14

Which of the following is not a term that refers to how muscles work?  prime mover  synergists  antagonist  synergism  origin

Accepted Answer

synergism  *Synergism is not a term that refers to muscle movement. (section 13.01)

Question 15

What is the deltoid muscle shaped like?  a long thin line  a square  a triangle  a circle  a trapezoid

Accepted Answer

a triangle  *The Greek letter delta looks like a triangle and the deltoid is shaped like a triangle. (section 13.01)

Question 16

What does the word brevis mean when referring to a muscle?  large  small  huge  long  short

Accepted Answer

short  *Brevis means short and is used to indicate the size of a muscle. (section 13.01)

Question 17

What is the name of the muscle that is responsible for blinking and winking?  latissimus dorsi  trapezius  pectoralis major  orbicularis oculi  extensor digitorum

Accepted Answer

orbicularis oculi  *The orbicularis oculi is around the eye and is responsible for blinking and winking. (section 13.01)

Question 18

What information does the word rectus give you about a muscle?  the size of the muscle fibers  the attachment of the muscle fibers  the action of the muscle fibers  the shape of the muscle fibers  the direction of muscle fibers

Accepted Answer

the direction of muscle fibers  *Rectus means straight and gives information about the direction of the muscle fibers. (section 13.01)

Question 19

Which of the following does not attach to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?  rib  clavicle  sternum  mastoid process  skull

Accepted Answer

rib  *The sternocleidomastoid does not attach to a rib. (section 13.01)

Question 20

Which way does the adductor longus move the thigh?  away from the midline  toward the midline  in a circle  in a cone  towards the back

Accepted Answer

toward the midline  *The adductor longus adducts the thigh, or moves it toward the midline. It also raises the thigh. (section 13.01)

Question 21

What is the biggest muscle (in terms of mass) in the body?  gluteus maximus  sartorius  stapedius  quadriceps femoris  latissimus dorsi

Accepted Answer

gluteus maximus  *The gluteus maximus which makes up the buttocks is the largest muscle in the body. (section 13.01)

Question 22

What does the word sarco mean?  large  short  muscle  tubule  smooth

Accepted Answer

muscle  *The word sarco means muscle. (section 13.02)

Question 23

Several of the structures in the muscle cell are given special names. For example, the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber is called the sarcoplasm. Which of the following is truly a unique structure to muscle cells (not just a renamed one)?  cytoplasm  nucleus  endoplasmic reticulum  transverse (T) system  plasma membrane

Accepted Answer

transverse (T) system  *The T system is not found in other types of cells. (section 13.02)

Question 24

A muscle fiber is made up of many  muscle cells.  T tubules.  myofibrils.  fascicles.  bursa.

Accepted Answer

myofibrils.  *A muscle fiber is made up of many myofibrils divided into sarcomeres. (section 13.02)

Question 25

One sarcomere  extends from Z line to Z line.  is composed of many myofibrils.  contains only actin fibers.  is composed of many muscle fibers.  surrounds each muscle in the body.

Accepted Answer

extends from Z line to Z line.  *A sarcomere extends between two dark vertical lines called Z lines. (section 13.02)

Question 26

What ion is responsible for initiating muscle contraction?  Mg^2+  Ca^2+  H+  Cl-  Na+

Accepted Answer

Ca^2+  *Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to initiate muscle contraction. (section 13.02)

Question 27

When a muscle contracts, the H zone almost disappears.  True  False

Accepted Answer

true  *The H zone is the area in the center of the sarcomere that almost disappears when the muscle contracts. (section 13.02)

Question 28

What happens to the actin and myosin filaments when a muscle contracts?  both of them shorten  both of them lengthen  both stay the same length  actin shortens while myosin lengthens  myosin shortens while actin lengthens

Accepted Answer

both stay the same length  *The actin and myosin filaments stay the same length when a muscle contracts. They just slide past each other. (section 13.02)

Question 29

What supplies the energy for muscle contraction?  actin  myosin  tropomyosin  ATP  Ca^2+

Accepted Answer

ATP  *ATP supplies the energy necessary for muscle contraction. (section 13.02)

Question 30

Each actin molecule is shaped like a golf club, with a straight portion ending in a globular head.  True  False

Accepted Answer

false  *Each myosin molecule is shaped like a golf club. (section 13.02)

Question 31

What does troponin bind to and what happens when it binds?  Ca^2+, tropomyosin shifts  tropomyosin, the sarcomere relaxes  acetylcholine, the sarcome shortens  ATP, tropomyosin returns to normal position  T tubules, the sarcomere shortens

Accepted Answer

Ca^2+, tropomyosin shifts  *Troponin binds to Ca^2+ and this results in a shift of the tropomyosin threads, exposing myosin-binding sites. (section 13.02)

Question 32

What is the name of the small gap that separates the axon terminal of a nerve from the sarcolemma?  T tubule  sliding filament  synaptic cleft  synaptic vesicle  sarcoplasmic reticulum

Accepted Answer

synaptic cleft  *The small gap is called a synaptic cleft. The entire region is called a neuromuscular junction. (section 13.02)

Question 33

When the nerve signal reaches the axon terminal what happens next?  The muscle contracts.  The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter.  An electrical signal is formed that jumps the synaptic cleft.  H+ is pumped into the synaptic cleft.  Myosin is released from the axon terminal.

Accepted Answer

The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter.  *The synaptic vesicles release acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, into the synaptic cleft. (section 13.02)

Question 34

One motor neuron activates one muscle fiber.  True  False

Accepted Answer

false  *One motor neuron can stimulate from a few to several muscle fibers of a muscle because each axon has several branches. (section 13.02)

Question 35

One motor unit obeys a principle called the all-or-none law  True  False

Accepted Answer

true  *All the muscle fibers in a motor unit are stimulated at once. They all either contract or do not contract. (section 13.03)

Question 36

Why is the innervation ratio in the ocular muscles one motor axon per 23 muscle fibers, whereas in the gastrocnemius muscle it is one motor axon per 1000 muscle fibers?  There are more nerves in the upper body than in the lower extremities.  The ocular muscles require finer control than moving the legs.  The innervation ratio has to do with the overall size of the muscle--the bigger the muscle, the fewer the muscle fibers per motor axon.  The gastrocnemius muscle contracts much harder than the ocular muscles do.  There are fewer muscle fibers in the gastrocnemius muscle than in the ocular muscles.

Accepted Answer

The ocular muscles require finer control than moving the legs.  *The ocular muscles require much finer control than moving the legs. (section 13.03)

Question 37

Which of the following is not a phase of a single muscle twitch?  stimulation period  latent period  contraction period  relaxation period  none of these are phases of a muscle twitch

Accepted Answer

stimulation period  *A stimulation period is not a phase of a muscle twitch. (section 13.03)

Question 38

What is happening during the latent period of a muscle twitch?  The muscle relaxes and returns to its former length.  Fresh ATP binds to the myosin causing it to return to its resting position.  ADP and phosphate are released, and the power stroke of the contraction occurs.  The myosin-actin cross-bridges are broken and the sarcomere shortens.  The neurotransmitter is diffusing across the synaptic cleft causing an electrical signal in the muscle cell.

Accepted Answer

The neurotransmitter is diffusing across the synaptic cleft causing an electrical signal in the muscle cell.  *All of the activities that begin a contraction are occurring. (section 13.03)

Question 39

Which of the following does not occur when a muscle fatigues?  Its energy reserves are depleted.  Stimulation continues.  Tetanus is achieved.  Acetylcholine is crossing the synaptic cleft.  The muscle relaxes.

Accepted Answer

Tetanus is achieved.  *Tetanus is maximal sustained contraction and does not occur during muscle fatigue. (section 13.03)

Question 40

In good muscle tone, how many motor units are contracted?  none  some  all  5 -10% of the motor units  10 - 15% of the motor units

Accepted Answer

some  *In good muscle tone, some motor units are always contracted, but not enough to cause movement. (section 13.03)

Question 41

Contraction of a muscle requires all the motor units to be undergoing tetanic contraction.  True  False

Accepted Answer

false  *Some motor units are contracting maximally while others are resting, allowing sustained contractions to occur. (section 13.03)

Question 42

Which of the following is not an energy source for muscle contraction?  glycogen  triglycerides  glucose  fatty acids  starch

Accepted Answer

starch  *Muscles store glycogen and triglycerides for use as energy and acquire glucose and fatty acids from the blood. (section 13.03)

Question 43

Which of the following is not a source of ATP for muscle contraction?  ATP in the blood  ATP stored in the cell  the creatine phosphate pathway  fermentation  aerobic respiration

Accepted Answer

ATP in the blood  *Muscles do not get ATP from the blood. (section 13.03)

Question 44

Of the three pathways for obtaining ATP for muscle contraction, which one requires oxygen?  only the creatine phosphate pathway  only fermentation  only respiration  fermentation and respiration  the creatine phosphate pathway and fermentation

Accepted Answer

only respiration  *Aerobic respiration requires a supply of oxygen. The creatine phosphate pathway and fermentation pathway do not require oxygen. (section 13.03)

Question 45

Of the three pathways for supplying ATP to the muscle, which pathway(s) do slow-twitch fibers prefer?  the creatine phosphate pathway  fermentation  aerobic respiration  the creatine phosphate pathway or fermentation  the creatine phosphate pathway or aerobic respiration

Accepted Answer

aerobic respiration  *Slow-twitch fibers prefer to use aerobic respiration for their ATP source since it produces a large supply of ATP. (section 13.03)

Question 46

Jillian is a top level cross country runner due to her having predominantly slow-twitch muscle fibers.  True  False

Accepted Answer

true  *Slow-twitch muscle fibers are aerobic, have steady power, and have endurance--all required for cross country running. (section 13.03)

Question 47

Why are slow-twitch muscles dark?  They have many more myofibrils per motor unit than fast-twitch fibers.  They are designed for strength and explosions of energy.  They need less blood than fast-twitch fibers.  They contain myoglobin.  They have fewer mitochondria.

Accepted Answer

They contain myoglobin.  *Slow-twitch fibers are dark because they contain myoglobin, the respiratory pigment found in muscles. (section 13.03)

Question 48

What is the name of a sudden and involuntary muscular contraction, often accompanied by pain?  bursitis  sprain  strain  tic  spasm

Accepted Answer

spasm  *A spasm is a sudden and involuntary muscular contraction, often accompanied by pain. Bursitis is the inflammation of the bursae. A sprain is a twisting of a joint. A strain is the stretching or tearing of a muscle. A tic is a spasm that can be controlled voluntarily. (section 13.04)

Question 49

What is the difference between a tic and a spasm?  A tic is a spasm that can be controlled voluntarily.  A tic is a strong, and very painful spasm, especially of the leg and foot.  A tic is caused by stretching or tearing of a muscle, while a spasm is just an involuntary contraction.  A tic is caused by the inflammation of a tendon, while a spasm is just an involuntary contraction.  A tic refers to achy muscles, usually due to over exercise, while a spasm is just an involuntary contraction.

Accepted Answer

A tic is a spasm that can be controlled voluntarily.  *A tic is a spasm that can be controlled voluntarily, but only with great effort. (section 13.04)

Question 50

Which of the following injuries is most likely to happen to the ankle?  sprain  strain  convulsion  bursitis  muscular dystrophy

Accepted Answer

sprain  *A sprain is a twisting of a joint. A strain is the tearing of a muscle. A convulsion is a seizure of the muscles. Bursitis is the inflammation of the bursa. Muscular dystrophy is a progressive degeneration of muscles (section 13.04)

Question 51

Fibromyalgia is a temporary condition of achy muscles, usually due to overuse.  True  False

Accepted Answer

false  *Fibromyalgia is a chronic condition whose symptoms include achy pain, tenderness, and stiffness of muscles. (section 13.04)

Question 52

Which muscle injury is characterized by a twisting of a joint leading to swelling and injury?  sprain  strain  tendinitis  bursitis  myalgia

Accepted Answer

sprain  *A sprain is characterized by a twisting of a joint leading to swelling and injury. A strain is the stretching of a muscle. Tendinitis is the inflammation of a tendon. Bursitis is the irritation of the bursa. Myalgia refers to achy muscles. (section 13.04)

Question 53

Which disease is an autoimmune disease characterized by weakness that especially affects the muscles of the eyelids, face, neck, and extremities?  myalgia  muscular dystrophy  myasthenia gravis  tendinitis  bursitis

Accepted Answer

myasthenia gravis  *These symptoms describe the disease myasthenia gravis (section 13.04)

Question 54

Leiomyomas are a type of smooth muscle cancer that occurs in the uterine wall.  True  False

Accepted Answer

true  *True, leiomyomas are a type of smooth muscle cancer that occurs in the uterine wall. (section 13.04)

Question 55

What is the reservoir for Ca2+ in the body?  muscles  bones  liver  brain  blood

Accepted Answer

bones  *The skeleton acts as a reservoir for calcium. (section 13.05)

Question 56

Which of the following does not occur when you are very, very cold?  More blood flows to the surface of the body.  Smooth muscle contracts inside the blood vessels supplying the skin.  The arrector pili muscles contract.  Shivering occurs.  You get goose bumps.

Accepted Answer

More blood flows to the surface of the body.  *When you are very, very cold, less blood flows to the surface of the body in order to keep the core of the body, where the vital organs are, warm. (section 13.05)

Question 57

What happens when the arrector pili muscles contract?  Your head nods \"yes.\"  Your leg kicks out.  The hairs on your skin stand on end.  The blood from your skin is rerouted to your core.  You tap your finger.

Accepted Answer

The hairs on your skin stand on end.  *The arrector pili muscles are tiny bundles of smooth muscle attached to the hair follicles that cause the hairs to stand up. (section 13.05)

Question 58

Temperature sensitive neurons in the skin are responsible for initiating shivering.  True  False

Accepted Answer

false  *These neurons are located in the hypothalamus of the brain. (section 13.05)

Question 59

If you lock your knees while standing you may pass out because of the lack of venous return to the heart.  True  False

Accepted Answer

true  *The skeletal muscles aid in the process of venous return by pushing blood back toward the heart. If you lock your knees, there is a shortage of blood returning to the heart and you may pass out. (section 13.05)

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