Human Anatomy & Physiology Combined Review – Flashcards
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Homeostasis
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the ability of the body or a cell to seek and maintain a condition of equilibrium or stability within its internal environment when dealing with external changes
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Superior
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Above
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Inferior
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Below
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Proximal
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Closer to the point of attachment
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Distal
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Farther away from the point of attachment
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Caudal
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situated in or directed toward the hind part of the body
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Cranial
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of or relating to the skull or cranium
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Dorsal
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located near, on, or toward the back or posterior part of the human body
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Lateral
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located away from the midline of the body
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Medial
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located close to the mideline of the body
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Metabolism
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the chemical reactions involved in sustaining the life of an organism
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Midsagital
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divides the body into left and right sides
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Thoracic
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cavity located in the chest. Contains the esophagus, trachea, bronchi, lung, heart and large blood vessels
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Transverse Plane
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divides the body into a top half and a bottom half
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Ventral
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front or anterior
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Pelvic Caity
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Contains the urinary bladder, the reproductive organs, and the last part of the intestines
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Spinal cavity
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Contains the spinal cord
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Cells
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smallest unit of life
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Cell Membrane
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the outer protective covering of the cell
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Centrosome
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the centriole containing region of clear cytoplasm adjacent to the cell nucleus.
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Cytoplasm
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the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus
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Cytokinesis
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the division of the cytoplasm of a plant or animal cell into two
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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network of interconnected structures that function especially in the transport of materials within the cell.
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Genes
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the structures that carry inherited characteristics
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Golgi Apparatus
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a cytoplasmic organelle that consists of a stack of smooth membranous saccules and associated vesicles and that is active in the modification and transport of proteins.
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Glycolysis
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the breakdown of glucose inside of the cell
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Lysosomes
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a saclike cellular organelle that contains various hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes
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Meiosis
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form of celluar reproduction specific to sex cells in all sexually reproducing single celled and multicelled eukaryotes
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Mitochondria
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found outside the nucleus. Responsible for producing energy for the cell through the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
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Mitosis
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form of cellular reproduction that occurs in the nucleus of a dividing cell resulting in the formation of two new nuclei each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus
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Nucleus
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control center of the cell
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Organ
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a differentiated structure (as a heart or kidney) consisting of cells and tissues and performing some specific function in an organism.
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Organelles
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a specialized cellular part (as a mitochondrion or ribosome) that is analogous to an organ
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Tissues
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many cells usually of a particular kind (i.e. connective, epithelium, muscle, and nerve are types)
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Integumentary System
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the organ system that provides protection to the outer body
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Epidermis
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the outermost layer of the skin
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Dermis
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the second layer of the skin composed of an elastic connective tissue, blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, involuntary muscle, hair follicles, sweat and oil glands
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Hypodermis
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also known as the subcutaneous fascia is the inner most layer of the skin consisting of connective tissue and adipose (fatty tissue)
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Sebaceous glands
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oil glands
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Sudoriferous glands
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sweat glands
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Appendicular skeleton
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portion of the skeleton forming the extremities composed of the shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle and leg bones
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Axial skeleton
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portion of the skeleton forming the main trunk of the body composed of the skull, spinal column, ribs, and breastbone
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carpals
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wrist
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clavicles
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collarbones
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cranium
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skull
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diaphysis
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shaft of a long bone
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endosteum
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the layer of vascular connective tissue lining the medullary cavities of bone and keeps the yellow marrow intact
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epiphysis
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end of a long bone
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femur
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thigh, longest and largest bone in the human body extending from the hip to the knee
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fibula
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the smaller of two bones of the lower leg below the knee
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foramina
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openings in bones that allow nerves and blood vessels to enter or leave the bone
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humerus
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the longest bone of the upper arm extending from the shoulder to the elbow
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joints
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an area where two or more bones join together
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ligaments
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a tough band of tissue that connects long bones together at joints
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medullary canal
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the marrow cavity of a bone
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metacarpals
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the five bones forming the palm of the hand
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metatarsals
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the five bones forming the instep of the foot
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patella
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kneecaps
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periosteum
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tough membranous outer covering of bone
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phalanges
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fourteen finger bones ( three bones comprising each finger and two on each thumb.)
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radius
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smaller of two bones of the lower arm located on the thumb side
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ribs
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12 pairs of bones attaching to the thoracic vertebrae on the dorsal surface of the body
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scapula
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shoulder bone
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skeletal system
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system made of 206 bones and functions as the framework for the human body
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sternum
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breastbone, connects with the clavicles and the cartilages of the upper seven pairs of ribs
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Tarsals
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the seven bones forming the ankle
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Tibia
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the inner and usually larger of the two bones of the leg between the knee and ankle
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Ulna
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the bone on the little-finger side of the human forearm that forms with the humerus the elbow joint and serves as a pivot in rotation of the hand
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Vetebrae
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the 26 bones forming the spinal column
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Osteocyte
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a bone cell
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A-band
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area where actin and myosin overlap
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Actin
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a muscle protein; major component of the I-band and helps to compose the thin filaments
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Cardiac muscle
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the principal involuntary-muscle tissue of the vertebrate heart made up of striated fibers joined at usually branched ends and functioning in synchronized rhythmic contraction
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Cramp
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a painful, involuntary muscle contraction, usually caused by fatigue or strain
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involuntary
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a type of muscle that contracts without conscious control
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Myocyte
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muscle cell
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Myofibril
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located within the muscle cells; composed of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments
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Myosin
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a muscle protein; major component of the A-band; thick filaments
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Muscle
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a tissue that has the ability to contract to help with movement
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Muscle contraction
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when the sarcomere shortens and the Z-lines move closer together
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Sacromere
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basic unit of muscle contraction; segment between two neighboring Z-lines
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Skeletal muscle
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striated Muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and is usually under voluntary control
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Sliding filament theory
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theory that explains how sarcomeres contract; myosin filaments use energy from ATP to "walk" along the actin filaments with their cross bridges; myofilaments slide past one another and contract the myocyte
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smooth muscle
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muscle tissue that lacks cross striations, is made up of elongated spindle-shaped cells having a central nucleus, and is found especially in vertebrate hollow organs and structures (as the digestive tract and bladder) as thin sheets performing functions not subject to direct voluntary control
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sprain
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an injury to the joints caused by overstretching
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strain
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an injury to the muscle caused by overstretching
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superficial muscles
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muscles that are located in the layer closest to the skin
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tendon
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a tough piece of tissue in your body that connects a muscle to a bone
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visceral muscle
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smooth muscle found in the digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems
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voluntary muscle
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a type of muscle that is controlled by the individual, such as the striated muscle
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deoxygenated blood
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blood that is poor in oxygen
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oxygenated blood
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blood that is rich in oxygen
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speak
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following the removal of a larynx, what would a person be unable to do
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skin and mucous membranes
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the body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease causing microorganisms
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B lymphocytes
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the type of cells that produce antibodies
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
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virus that attacks white blood cells and destroys them
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right atrium
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#1 on the photo
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right ventricle
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#2
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left atrium
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#3
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left ventricle
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#4
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aorta
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