Human Anatomy Final Exam Study Guide – Flashcards
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Anatomy
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the study of the body structures
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Physiology
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The study of the funtions of body parts, what they do, and how they do it
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Homeostasis
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The body's maintenance of a balanced internal environment
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Immune system
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They lymphatic system
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Cranial
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The body cavity that contains the brain
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Thoracic
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The body cavity that contains the heart and lungs
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Right Iliac
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The body region where the appendix is located
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Hypogastric
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The body region under the stomach
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Epigastric
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meaning superior to the umbilical region
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Right and Left Hypochondriac
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the body region under the costal cartilage
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Abdominopelvic
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the body cavity inferior to the diaphragm
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Right and Left Lumbar Regions
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lateral to the umbilical region
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Posterior
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toward the back
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Ventral
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means belly side or front side
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Anterior
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toward the front
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Superior
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uppermost or above
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Cranial
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toward the head
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Lateral
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toward the side
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Medial
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toward the middle of the body
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Inferior
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Lowermost or below
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Proximal
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The nearest the point of attachment or torso
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Distal
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away from the point of attachment or torso
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Horizontal Plane; Transverse Plane
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divides the body into top and bottom
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Sagittal Plane
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vertically divides the body right and left
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Midline
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A midsaggital plane vertically divides the body equally through the______
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Coronal Plane
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Frontal plane
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Longitudianal section
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cuts and organ along its length
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Cross section
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cuts an organ alsong it's width
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Carbohydrate
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the correct Organic group for a Monosaccharide
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Nucleic acid
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the correct Organic group for DNA
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Protein
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the correct Organic group for the Plasma membrane channel
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Lipid
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the correct Organic group for Cholesterol
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Protein
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the correct Organic group for Antibodies
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Carbohydrate
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the correct Organic group for Cellulose
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Lipids
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the correct Organic group for Steroids
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Proteins
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the correct Organic group for Enzymes
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Glycogen
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Carbohydrates that are stored in the liver and mucsical in the form of _____?
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unsaturated
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Fats that tend to be liquids(i.e. plant oils) are considered "better" for you
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Saturated
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Fats that are solid at room temperature(i.e. anaimal fats) are considered the source for fatty plaque buildup in arteries
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ATP
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Universal energy compund used by all cells of the body?
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Connective
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the name of the tissue for the Fascia
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Epithelial
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the name of the tissue for the Lining of the digestive tract
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Nervous
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the name of the tissue for the Dendrites
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Epithelial
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the name of the tissue for the Peritoneum
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Nervous
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the name of the tissue for the Conduction system of the heart
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Muscle
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the name of the tissue for the Bladder Wall
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Connective
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the name of the tissue for the Bone
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Epithelial
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the name of the tissue for the Adrenal Gland
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Muscle
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the name of the tissue for the Peristalsis
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Epithelial
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the name of the tissue for the Pleura
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Connective
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the name of the tissue for the Ligaments
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Epithelial
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the name of the tissue for the Air sacs of the lungs
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Connective
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the name of the tissue for the Cartilage
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Nervous
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the name of the tissue for the Reflexes
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Connective
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the name of the tissue for the Blood
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Muscle
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the name of the tissue for the Artery wall
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Nervous
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the name of the tissue for the Neurons
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Epithelial
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the name of the tissue for the lining of the urethra
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Nervous
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the name of the tissue for the Sinoatrial node
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Muscle
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the name of the tissue for the heart wall
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Epithelial
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the name of the tissue for the Capilaries
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Muscle
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the name of the tissue for the Stomach wall
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Connective
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the name of the tissue for the Tendons
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Nervous
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the name of the tissue for the Spinal cord
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Connective
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the name of the tissue for the Adipose
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Epithelial
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the name of the tissue for the Pericardium
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water; selectively; high; low
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Water involves the diffusion of _____ molecules through a ________ permeable membrane form an area of ____concentration to an area of ___ concentration.
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Stratum Germinativum
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the bottom layer of epidermal cells that are actiely mitotic and replace superficial cells that are continually rubbed of
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Subcutaneous
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Layer of skin insulates deeper tissues from extreme temperature changes that occur outside the body
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Lining cavites that open to the exterior including the stomach
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mucous membranes found there
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Mucous,cutaneous, and serous membranes
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categories of epithelial tissue membranes
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Visceral and parietal pleura, pericardium, and peritonium
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Membranes that are serous membranes
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Cyanosis
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bluish skin color due to lack of oxygen
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Hematoma
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a bruise
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Articular cartilage
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hyaline cartilage that covers bone ends and provides smooth surface that decreases friction in joints
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Sutures
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joints of the bones of the skull
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Mandible
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lower jaw
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Maxilla
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upper jaw
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Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
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bones of the cranium
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Clavicle
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collarbone
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Scapula
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shoulder blade
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Sternum
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breastbone
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Humerus
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upper arm
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Ulna
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medial lower arm
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Olecranon
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process of the ulna that forms the "elbow"
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Radius
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lateral lower arm
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Carpals
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wrist bones
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Metacarpals
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hands
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Phalanges
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fingers
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Costae
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ribs
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Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
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vertebral column regions
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Ischium, ilium, pubis
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pelvic bones
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Acetabulum
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socket for head of femur
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Femur
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upper leg bone
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Patella
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kneecap
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Tibia
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medial lower leg
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Fibula
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lateral lower leg
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Tarsals
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ankles
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Calcaneus
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heel
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Metatarsals
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feet
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Phalanges
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toes
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Ligament
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connects bone to bone
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Tendon
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connects muscle to bone
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Skeletal muscle
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called striated mucle, attch to the skeleton, voluntary
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Smooth muscle
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called visceral muscle, found in the walls of hollow organs, involuntary
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Cardiac muscle
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found only in the heart, striated, involuntary, slow rhythmic contractions
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Orgin
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where muscle attaches to less moveable bone
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Insertion
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muslce attachment to the moveable bone
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Flexion
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decrease angle, bending
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Extension
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increase angle, straightening
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Hyperextension
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extending beyond anatomical position
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Rotation
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movement around longitudinal axis
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Abduction
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moving limb away form midline
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Adduction
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moving a limb toward the midline
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Circumduction
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movement in a circle, cone-shaped
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Dorsiflexion
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lifting the back of the foot, pointing toes to ceiling
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Plantar flexion
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pointing toes downward
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Opposition
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thumb touches tips of other fingers
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Supination
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toate laterally, turning palm anteriorly
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Pronation
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rotate medially, turning palm posteriorly
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Frontalis
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Forehead mucle that raises the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead
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Orbicularis oris
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muscle that closes and protudes lips (kissing)
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Buccinator
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muscle used during whistling and sucking
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Masseter
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muscle that inserts into mandible, closes jaw
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Zygomaticus
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muscle used for smiling
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Sternocleidomastoid
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muscle that originates in the sternum and clavicle, inserts into the mastioid process, and rotates head (sy no!)
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Platysma
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muscle that produces a downward sag of the corners of the mouth
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Pectoralis major
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muscle that adducts humerus, across chest
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Rectus abdominis
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muscle used for situps
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Intercostals
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muscle that raise and lower the rib cage when breathing
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Trapexius
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muslce of the upper back
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Latissimus Dorsi
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lower back muslce called the "swimmers muscle"
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Gluteus maximus
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buttock muscle that inserts into the femur, extends hip
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Biceps brachii
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anterior muscle of the upper arm that flexes forarm
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Triceps brachii
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posterier muscle of the upper arm that extends forearm
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Deltoid
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cap of the shoulder muscle that abducts the arm
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Hamstrings
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posterior thigh muscles that flex the knee
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Quadriceps
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anterior thigh muscles that extend knee
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Gastrocnemius
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calf muslce, plantar flexes foot
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Brain, spinal cord
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cntral nervous system (CNS)
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Spinal nerves, cranial nerves
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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Somatic nervous system
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voluntary nervous system, skeletal muscles
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Autonomic nervous system
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involuntary nervous system, smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, glands (ANS)
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Sympathetic division
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stress: fight or flisht
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Parasympathetic division
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rest and digest
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Neuron
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nerve cell, conducts impulses
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Neurotransmitters
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chemicals released into the gaps between neurons
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Synapse
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gap between neurons
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Myelin
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fatty, white axon covering, insulates to speed transmissions
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Nodes of RAnvier
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gaps in the myelin sheath
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Frontal lobe, parietal lobes, occipital lobes, temperal lobes
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lobes of the brain
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Cerebral Cortex
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the outtermost cerebrum
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Hypothalamus
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part of the brain that regulates body temperature, water balance (thirst), metabolism, pleasure centers, and regulates pituitary gland (endocrine system).
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Sclera
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outermost tunic of the eye, thick white connective tissue
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Cornea
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transparent covering on front of eye
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Retina
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innermost sensory tunic, contains photoreceptors
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Lens
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flexible, biconvex disc that focuses light on the retina
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External auditory meatus (canal)
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Short, narrow canal through the temporal bone
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Tympanic membrane
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the eardrum
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Eustachaian tube
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links the middle ear cavity to throat
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Diuresis
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urine production
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Pancreas
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digestive organ that also serves as an endocrine gland by secreting insulin and glucagon
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Adrenal glands
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the endocrine glands located above the kidneys
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Pituitary gland
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the master gland that controls the other endocrine glands
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Erythrocytes
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red blood cells
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Leukocytes
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white blood cells
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Erythropoiesis
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erthyrocyte production
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Hemolysis
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rupture of red blood cells
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Agglutination
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the process whereby red blood cells clump
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Neutrophils, eosinophils, and Basophils
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the white blood cells that are granulocytes
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Monocytes, Lymphocytes
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the white blood cells that are agranulocytes
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Embolus
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a clot that breaks away from a vessel walland floats freely in the bloodstream
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Antigen
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a substance that the body recognizes as foreign
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AB
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the universal blood recipient
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O
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the univeral blood donor
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Lymphocytes
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the white blood cells that form T cells and B cells
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Basophils
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the white blood cells that have granuoles tht stain blue
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Neutorphils
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the white blood cells that pick up both red and blue stains so form a "neutral" color
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Pulmonary arteries and veins
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blood vessels that are NOT parts of the systemic circulation
